独立主格结构

独立主格结构

概念：由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与主句不发生句法上的联系。

构成：逻辑主语+逻辑谓语

特点：1. 用逗号与主句分开；

2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同，单独存在。

位置：句前、句末或句中，位置相当灵活。

注意：独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词

句法功能：

1. 作时间状语 All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. = After/ when all the officials had

arrived, the meeting was declared open.

2. 作条件状语 All the work done, you can have a rest. = All the work is done, and you can have a rest.

3. 作原因状语 The boy leading, we had no trouble finding the strange cave

4. 作伴随状语或补充说明 I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people

filling back respectfully on either side. (Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome)

5. 作定语，其功能相对于一个定语从句 Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

基本结构：

1. 名词（代词）+现在分词

e.g.: There being no bus, we had to walk home.

（由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走路回家。）

2. 名词（代词）+过去分词

e.g.: City born and city bred, I have always regards the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the week.

3. 名词（代词）+不定式

e.g.: Many trees, flowers, and glass to be planted, out newly-built school will look even more beautiful.

（种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。）

4. 名词（代词）+形容词

e.g.: The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.

（特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里面悄悄爬了出来。）

5. 名词（代词）+副词

e.g.: The lights off, we could not go on with the work.

（灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。）

6. 名词（代词）+名词

e.g.: His first shot failure, he fired again.

（他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。）

7. 名词（代词）+介词短语

e.g.: He lay at full length upon his stomach, his head resting upon his left forearm.

（他的背脊朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。）

8. with, without 引导： with/ without + 宾语（名词/ 代词）+ 宾语补足语

e.g.:

He stood at the door, with a book in hand. / He stood at the door, book in hand.

（他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。）

Without a word more spoken, she left the classroom.

（她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。）

$$: 在with/ without复合结构中，多数情况下with可以省略，但without 不能省。

9. There be句型表存在

e.g.: There being nothing to do, we decided to stay at home.

翻译练习： 1. 由于丢了自行车钥匙，他只好步行回学校。

2. 我收到很多礼物，其中很多是玩具。

3. 因为是周末，我们不要上课。

4. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

5. 他把自己的手机藏起来，没有人知道它在哪里。

句子转换 1、转换成状语从句

a. His homework done, he went to bed.

b. She not feeling well, we worried about her.

c. Weather permitting, the sports meet will be held the day after tomorrow.

2、转换成并列句

d. The young woman came into the cinema, a baby in her arms..

e. The boy stood there silently, his eyes fixed upon the black people.

3、转换成“with”的复合结构

f. Night falling, we hurried home.

g. The signal given, the train left the railway station.

h. The old scientist came to the meeting, his wife supporting him.

i. The spy sat on the ground, his hands tied behind his back.

五、独立主格结构注意事项

1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle.

经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间）

The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.

许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束） The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.

小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）

3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题

当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)

劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。

当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。

He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。

4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同

有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：Generally speaking （总的说来），Frankly speaking （坦率地说），Judging from （从……判断），Supposing （假设），等等。

Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.

总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。

Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.

由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。

有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。

To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.

说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。

To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.

情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。

5．独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致。

If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。

When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.

转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.

从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。

还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。

Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.

在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）