状语从句教案
状语从句
一、概念
定义:
在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句,它可以用来修饰谓语(包括非谓语动词)、定语或状语,或是整个句子。
状语从句可分为:时间、条件、让步、原因、目的、结果、比较、地点、方式状语从句。 从属连词:
用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子(即从句)的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种状语从句。
二、详解
一)、时间状语从句
在句中作时间状语的句子叫时间状语从句。时间状语从句可以放在句首、句中或句尾。
引导时间状语从句的连词有:when, as,while,till,until, not…until, as soon as, before, after, since, ever since, once, the minute, the moment, by the
time,each(every,next,thefirst)time,directly,immediately,instantly,hardly...when...,no sooner...than...等。时间状语从句中一般用一般现在时或一般过去时。
1. When , while, as都可解释为“当...的时候”但侧重点有所不同。
1) when引导的从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生。
Eg: When I arrived home , I had a little rest.
注意:
when 从句的主语与主句主语相同,谓语动词是be 动词时,从句主语和be可以省略。
Eg: When (she was) walking along the street, she met her class teacher.
2) As表示从句和主句的两个动作交替发生或同时进行,可译为“一边...一边...” 或“随着”。 Eg: He sang as he danced.(一边...一边...)
You will grow wiser as you grow older.(随着)
3) While表示“当...的时候”强调主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,从句一般用进行时,从句动词必须是延续性动词。
Eg: While we were working, they were having a rest.
While (they were) having a discussion, they got very confused.
注意:
while 有对比的含义,解释为“然而”。
Eg: I prefer black tee, while he likes coffee.
4)若从句表示的是短暂动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时,三者可互换使用。
Eg:As/When/While I was walking down the street ,I came across an old friend of mine.
注意:
a.在时间状语从句中,用一般现在时表将来,用一般过去时表过去将来。
Eg:When you get here , ring me up.
b.once 意为“一旦”,也可引导时间状语从句。
Eg:Once I get him a job , he’ll be fine.
We didn’t know how we would cope once the money had gone.
【应用园地】
1..
2.I was walking along the road suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.
3..
4.Strike the iron is hot.
5. a child,he lived in the countryside.
6.Be careful crossing the steet.
7.Peter was so excited ______ he received an invitation from his friend to visit Chongqing.
A.where B.that C.why
8.—Was it there ______ you were away to answer the phone?
—There is no doubt about it.
A.that B.which C.while D.where D.when
9.It was at five in the afternoon, ______ I was about to get home, ______ a strange sound caught my attention. A.when; that B.that; when C.before; and D.since; that
10.We were swimming in the lake____suddenly the storm started
A.when B.while C.until D.before
2. until,till
1)肯定句:主句常用延续性动词,主、从句都为肯定式,意为“直到...为止”。
Eg:They waited till/until I returned.
在否定句中主句常用短暂性动词。
2)否定句:主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。 Eg:I did not leave until she returned.
注意点:
a.till不可以位于句首,而until可以。
Eg:Untill you told me I had no idea of it.
b.It is not until…that…引导的强调句
Eg:It was not until it was dark that he came back.
c.not until…在句首,主句用倒装
Eg:Not until you told me did I have no idea of it.
【应用园地】
1.I have heard these sons and daughters say they never fully appreciated their mothers ______ it was too late to tell them.
A.as B.that C.until D.when
2.We were told that we should follow the main road____we reached
the central railway station.
A.whenever B.until C.while D.wherever
3.Simon thought his computer was broken_____his little brother
pointed out that he had forgotten to turn it on.
A.until B.unless C.after D.because
4.(北京春) -Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?
-Yes.He had never praised him ______ he became one of the top students in his grade.
A.after B.unless C.until D.when
5.It was not ______ she took off her dark glasses
______ I realized she was a famous film star.
A.when; that B.until; that C.until; when D.when; then
6.We didn’t go home _____ we finished the work.
A.since B.until C.because D.though
3.since
1)since 表示自某一时间点以来,常与完成(进行时)时态连用,强调时since前可加ever,主句一般用延续性动词。如用非延续性动词时必须强调动作的频度或多次、多个。
Eg:Great changes have taken place since you left this city.
I have returned home twice since I settled down in the U.S..
不可以说成:I have returned home since I settled down in the U.S.. ...since...其句意取决于从句谓语动词是否可延续。
Eg:It is 3 years since I smoked a cigar.(=since I stop smoking a cigar.)
我不吸烟已经有3年了吸烟。
It is 3 years since I began to smoke a cigar.
我吸烟有3年了。
【应用园地】
1.It is almost five years____we saw each other last time.
A.before B.since C.after D.when
2.It is about ten years _____ I met you last.
A.since B.for C.when D.as
4.before
1)
Eg:I must finishi letter this before I go home.
我必须在回家之前写完这封信。
Before I could get in a word, he had measured me.
我还没来得及插话,他就给我量好了尺寸。
We had sailed 4 days before we saw land.
我们航行了4天才看到陆地。
Please write it down before you forget it.
趁你还没忘把它记录下来。
2)It will be+一段时间+before...“多久之后才...”;It was+一段时间
才...”
Eg:It will be half a year before I come back.
我半年之后才会回来。
It won’t be long before we meet again.
用不了多久我们就会再见面。
It was 3 days before he came back.
3天后他才回来。
【应用园地】
+before...“过了多久
1.—How long do you think it will be ______the USA recovers from the losses of the financial crisis? —Perhaps four or five years.
A.when B.since C.that
2.—Did you tell him that we’ve put off the meeting?
—No.He rushed out ______ I could say anything.
A.in case B.afte C.before D.unless D.before
3.Several years had passed ______ I finally realized the true value of friendship.
A.when B.that C.before D.until
4.We must think twice ______ we make the final decision.
A.when B.while C.until D.before
5.The American Civil War lasted four years____the North won in
the end.
A.after B. before C.when D.then
5.by the time
用来指到某一时间点为止,主句常用完成时态。若主句是be的系表形式或像know等表示“认知”的持续动词,则往往用一般过去时。
Eg:By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5years.
到明年毕业时,我将在这里待了5年了。
By the time he went abroad, he was 14.
6.引导时间状语从句的名词性短语 the time,the moment,the minute,the day,the year,the first time,the second time,each time,every time,next time,any time等。
这些短语引导时间状语从句时,习惯上后面不再加when等。
Eg:The moment I get the ticket ,I’ll send to you.
He was much better the last time I saw him.
上次我见到他的时候他好多了。
【应用园地】
1.I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voice ______ I picked up the phone.
A.while B.after C.in case D.the minute
2.(北京春)-Did you remember to give Mary the
money you owed her?
-Yes.I gave it to her ______ I saw her.
A.while B.the moment C.suddenly D.although
3.I thought her nice and honest ______ I
met her.
A.first time B.for the first time
D.by the first time C.the first time
4.You are wellcome to come back ____you want to.
A.before B.after C.in case D.any time
7.表示“一...就...”的引导词
as soon as,immediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,no
sooner...than,hardly/scarcely...when...表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,常译为“一...就...”。从句一般用一般时态或完成时态代替将来时态。
Eg:As soon as he heard the news,he jumped with joy.
No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.
我们一到车站,火车就离站了。
注意:
no sooner...than和hardly/scarcely...when...中no sooner和 hardly/scarcely引导的句子谓语动词用过去完成时,而than/when引导的句子应用一般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和 hardly/scarcely提到句首时,应用倒装语序。
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
我一到家天就下起雨来。
“一...就...”还可如此表达:
a.at the thought of...一想到...就...,at the touch of ...一摸到...就...,at the sight of...一看到...就...等结构中。
Eg:At the sight of the get-together photo,she got lost in the old sweet memories.
At the news ,she burst into tears.
b.upon/on doing/sth.
Eg:Upon her arrival/arriving at the countryside,she felt a gust of cool air around herself.
【应用园地】
1.______ entered the office when he realized that
he had forgotten his report.
A.He hardly had B.Had he hardly
C.Hardly had he D.Hardly he had
2.Just use this room for the time being,and we’ll offer you a larger one____it becomes available.
A.as soon as B.unless C.as far as D.until
3.The boy burst into tears ____he saw his mother.
A.immediately B.before C.on D.at
4._____at the station,he rushed to the train.
A.On his arriving B.He arrived C.Since he arrived D.Before
二、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词有:where, wherever以及 where构成的复合词等 。指具体地点时,从句可位于主句之前或之后;表示抽象条件的含义时,从句放在主句之前。
Eg: She found her calculator where she lost it.
Wherever I am, I will miss you.
注意:
地点状语从句一般可以转化成定语从句,只要在where之前加上“介词+the place”即可。
Eg: I happened to see your dictionary lie where I used it last time.(地点状语从句)
I happened to see your dictionary lie in the lab where I used it last time.(定语从句)
【应用园地】
1.The little girl who got lost decided to remain ____she was and wait for her mother.
A.where B.what C.how D.who
2.They notice that plant don’t grow well____is much shade.
A.where B.which C.where there D.there
3.The doctor advised me to live____it is warm for the sake of my health.
A.in where B.in which C.in place where D.where
4.The house stood _____ there had been a rock.
A.which B.at which C.when D.where
5.My mother likes everything in order, and she always reminds us to put things back ______ we get them from.
A. so that
C. once B. in which D. where
三、原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的连词有:because, since, as , now that ,considering that, for the reason that , due to the fact that,owing to the fact that等。
1.从属连词because
because语气最强,通常用于回答why 提出的问题
注意:
在it was…that…的强调结构中,强调原因状语从句可用because引导,不用since,as, for引导。 Eg: It is because she is too inexperienced that she does not know how to deal with the situation.
2.从属连词since
since的语气比because 弱,比as强,表示间接的,已知的原因,自然的结果,表示“既然,由于”,通常放在句首。since引导的从句是次要的,重点强调主句的内容相当于now that。now that 主要用于口语中,表示微弱的原因,主从句因果关系不明显,译为“既然”,有时that可省略。
Eg: Since you are not very well, you had better have a rest.
Now (that) you understand ,I don’t need to explain again.
3.从属连词as
as 所引出的理由在说话人看来已很明显,或已为听话人所熟悉而不需要强调,语气比since稍弱。 Eg:As it was a public holiday ,all the shops were shut.
because,as ,since的区别:
注意:
for为并列连词,即连接并列句。用来作附加说明,为前面的事实提供一种推断的理由。一般把for连接的并列句放在后面。
Eg: It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet now.
We should be more careful ,for it is already dark.
4.形容词后的that 从句
be happy that,be glad that,be surprised that等中的that从句有时也被认为是原因状语从句。
Eg:I’m glad that you can come to my party.
【应用园地】
1.It matters little who does it as long as it is done, ____ we are short of hands now.
A.for B.at C. on D. in
2.I’ll never forget such an attractive city ______ I spent many happy hours there with my classmates last summer holidays.
A. that B. where C. in which D. because
3.At present, adjusting our economy policy is necessary ______ it will help us to strengthen our competitive ability.
A. in that B. however C. therefore D. so
解析:in that常用于书面语中,表示“由于某种原因”。
4.The influence of automobile extends throughout the economy ______ the car is so important to American people.
A. then B. as C. so D. which
四、目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有: so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that等。
1.in order to和so that
译为“以便...;为了...”,它们引导的状语从句常用情态动词。in order to比so that更正式,引导的状语从句可置于从句之前或之后,而so that 引导的从句只能位于主句之后。so that中that 有时可省略。 Eg: You must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.
2.for fear that和in case
引导目的状语从句时,for fear that表示“害怕、担心发生某事”,in case表示“以防发生某种情况” 从句中有时可用虚拟语气,形式为should+动词原形
Eg: He wrote the name down for fear that he should forget it.
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
注意:
lest, in case, for fear that所引导的状语,也可不用虚拟语气,用动词的一般现在时或一般过去时。 Eg: You had better leave the key at home in case one of us should think of/thinks of coming back.
【应用园地】
1.Roses need special care____they can live through winter.
A.because B.so that C.even D.as
2.I'd like to arrive 20 minutes early____I can have time for a
cup of tea.
A.as soon as B.as a result C.in case D.so that
3.You'd better take something to read when you go to see the
doctor____you have to wait.
A.even if B.as if C.in case D.in order that
4.His plan was such a good one____we all agreed to accept it.
A.so B.and C.that D.as
五、结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词有: so that, so…that, such…that等 。一般位于句尾。
1.so that,译为“所以”
Eg:We arrived early in the morning ,so (that) we caught the first train.
我们早晨到得很早,所以赶上了早班火车。
2.常用句型:
so+形容词/副词+that从句
so+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+that从句
such +a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句
such +形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+that从句
Eg: He is so young that he can not go to school.
He is such a young boy that he can not go to school.
注意:
such/so...that引导结果状语从句时可把such/so置于句首,主句使用倒装语序。 Eg:Such is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous.
【应用园地】
1.Roses need special care____they can live through winter.
A.because B.so that C.even D.as
2.I'd like to arrive 20 minutes early____I can have time for a
cup of tea.
A.as soon as B.as a result C.in case D.so that
3.You'd better take something to read when you go to see the
doctor____you have to wait.
A.even if B.as if C.in case D.in order that
4.His plan was such a good one____we all agreed to accept it.
A.so B.and C.that D.as
六、条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词有:if, even if/though, unless/ if …not, as long as/ so long as, as far as/so far as, provided/providing (that), on condition that 等。条件状语从句中如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时。
Eg: You will fail unless you study hard.
If she were not too silly,she would understand.
I shall give you the book on condition that you return it tomorrow.
I will go provided that you go too.
【应用园地】
1.Owen wouldn’t eat anything ______ he cooked it himself.
A. until B. since C. unless D. while
2.The medicine works more effectively ______ you drink some hot water after taking it.
A. as B. until C. although D. if
3.We need to think outside of box ______ we are to come up with something really new.
A. so that B. as long as C. once D. if
4.Most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees, so ______ they have eggs or young chicks, they don’t use a nest.
A. why B. how C.where D. unless
5.Many adults agree that teenagers shouldn’t live alone ______ they have their parents’ permission.
A. if B. unless C. in case D. now that
七、让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词有:though, although, even if/ though, however, no matter how, no matter what, no matter who等。
1.though, although
though不如although正式,两者可互换使用。不可与but连用,但可以和yet , still连用,强调对比性.在as though,even though中一般不可用although代替。且although不可当副词使用,而though可以,放在句尾,意为“可以,然而”。
Eg: Though/Although it is raining ,they are still running outside.
注意:
1) though可引导倒装(although不引导倒装),结构为:
强调对象+as/though+主语+其它成分,强调对象可为表语(名词、形容词)或状语(副词),表语为名词时,前面不用冠词。
Eg: Child as/ though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
Tired as he is, he goes on with his work.
2) despite 和 in spite of 也有让步意义,后接名词或动词,而though, although是连词,后接从句。 Eg: Despite /In spite of wanting to see him again, she refused to reply to his letter.
Though/although she wanted to see him again, she refused to reply to his letter.
2.even if/ though
表示语气更强的让步,意为“即使,尽管”。
Eg:He doesn’t want to marry her even if/ though he loves her very much.
3.as
as 表示让步时常用倒装。倒装时若有带冠词的名词,冠词需要省略。as的这种倒装用法与though完全一致。
Eg:Pop star as he is, he still needs to improve.
Try as you may,yoo will never succeed.
4.whether(...)or not与whether ...or...
Eg:All the nations should be equal, whether they are strong or not.
Sports will be of great value to people,whether they are men or women.,old or young.
5.wh-ever类引导词的用法
wh-ever类引导词引导让步状语从句时常可换成“no matter+疑问词”,而在引导名词性从句时只能wh-ever。 .
Whatever happened, he would not mind.
6.while
while可作从属连词引导让步状语从句,相当于although。while多用于句首。
Eg:While I admit that there are problems,I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在,但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。
【应用园地】
1.It was a nice meal,____a little expensive.
A.though B.whether C.as D.since
2.______,his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.
A.Strange as might it sound B.As it might sound strange
C.As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound
3.Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice,______they know it to be valusble.
A.as if B.now that C.even though D.so that
4._____ we gave him something to eat, he would save it up for his little sister.
A. Whatever B. However C.Whichever D. Whenever
5.I won’t give you such help ______ you tell me the truth. It’s beyond my ability.
A. when B. since C.if
八、比较状语从句
在句中作比较状语的从句叫比较状语从句。比较状语从句一般位于句尾。引导比较状语从句的连词有:as…as, than, not so…as, the more…the more等
1.原级比较肯定式as...as...;否定式not as/so...as
Eg:He speaks English as fluently as his brother (does).
He doesn’t speak English as fluently as his brother (does).
2.比较级比较...than...;the...the...
Eg:There are more workers in this factory than in the one next to it .
The more you read, the more interesting , you will find the novel is .
【应用园地】
1.In my view,London’s not as expensive in price as Tokyo but Tokyo is _____in traffic.
A.the most organized B.more organized C.so organized as D.as organized as
2.As far as I am concerned,education is about learning and the more you learn,_____.
A.the more for life are you equipped B the more equipped for life you are
C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life
九、方式状语从句
一般位于句尾,有时位于句中。引导方式状语从句的连接词有as, just as, as if / though(一般用虚拟语气, 也有用陈述语气的)等。
Eg:Just do as you are told.
The workers went on working as if nothing had happened.
He talked to the girl as though he had fallen in love with her.
D.even if
十、状语从句的注意问题
一)、状语从句的时态问题
1.2. (finish)his homework.
3. .(他一到达车站火车就开走了)
在条件,时间和让步从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时.
二)、状语从句的省略问题
由as, once,when,while,before,after,till,until引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even if,whatever引导的让步状语从句;由as,than引导的比较状语从句;由as,as if,as though引导的方式状语从句都可以出现省略现象,当然应该遵循一定的规则。当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和系动词be.
省略后的句子形式为:
1)连词 + 过去分词
Don’t speak until (you are)spoken to.
Pressure can be increased when (it is)needed.
2)连词 +现在分词
Look out while(you are) crossing the street.
3)连词 + 形容词 / 其他常见的有 if necessary, if possible,when necessary, if any等。
【应用园地】
1.— Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
—, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
2.虽然他聪明),he doesn’t study well.
3.(he ,be) that we all like him.
4.Though (praise), she was still very modest.
5. (如果有必要), you may keep the book for another week.