英语六级翻译_六级强化课程_六级翻译技巧_六级重点词汇
六级翻译/六级强化课程之翻译六级翻译技巧讲解-1
课程提要
Ø 翻译题型简介
Ø 翻译解题步骤
Ø 翻译基本技巧
Ø 基本注意事项
六级翻译题型介绍
内容:
中国的历史、文化、经济、社会
篇幅:
六级为180—200个汉字;
重点考点:
从句,非谓语动词
翻译做题步骤:
1、 通读原文,确定时态
2、 寻找主干,确定句型
3、 核对信息,避免遗漏
汉译英的基本技巧
1. 增词
汉译英时,为了充分传达原文含义,有时候必须增补词语,句意才完整。
增背景知识
三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang, a mastermind.
增连词
中文句型达意,逻辑不明显,所以译文要加逻辑词(连词)
虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
增概括性词
英汉的列举例子的方式差异
【例题】北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、故宫、颐和园等。
Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some scenic attractions: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace etc.
为驱厄运、迎好运,家家户户都会进行大扫除。
It is also traditional for every family to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck.
增形式主语
中文的无主句
在翻译时候要适当的加上
形式主语或there be 句型
【例】保护我们赖以生存的环境至关重要。
It is essential to protect the environment we are living in.
2. 减词:
• 汉译英时,为了行文要求,
在不影响译文的准确度的情况下
适当的删减内容。
• 减少虚词
中文中有很多量词、助词和语气词,而英语中很少。
量词:两张桌子 two desks
动量词:歇一会儿 take a rest
助词:那个录像我看过了。
I've seen that video show.
副词:那些样品很有用。
The samples are useful.
• 虚词的综合减法:
例:对也罢错也罢,当妈的总是向着儿子
Mother is always on the side of her son, right or wrong.
• 复数减词
一些广告公司 advertisers
许多大学生 college students
种种制度 systems
东部各州 the eastern states
这些外宾 the foreign guests
约翰逊一家 the Johnsons
• 减少概括词
【例】全球化肯定会损害发展中国家的穷人的利益。
Globalization will sure hurt the poor in developing countries.
【例】中美两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技等领域的交往成倍地增加了。
Sino-America links have multiplied in politics, commerce, education, culture, defense and technology.
• 减少适当的重复
英语为了避免重复,往往使用一些代词或其他手段来代替前面所提到的人、物或动作。
【例】你什么时候有空,就什么时候来我办公室。
Come to my office whenever you are free.
【例】如果你自认为打败了,你就真的给打败了。
If you think you are beaten, you are.
六级翻译/六级强化课程之翻译六级翻译技巧讲解-2
3. 分译 & 合译(按内容层次分译)
• 合译:
多个杂碎的汉语句子可以合译为英语的单句,使译文紧凑、简练。
母亲在谈到她的孩子时,也许有自豪感, 这是可以理解的。( 形容词)
The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child .
夜里冷风飕飕,那是十一月初,天下起了毛毛细雨,令我倍加难受. (名词)
The night was chilly—it was early November. A light drizzle added to my discomfort.
因为他没有遵守安全规则,机器出了故障。 (名词短语)
His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery .
那个声音响个不停,我几乎没法工作。
I can hardly work with that noise going on.
她已试了好几次,要帮他们另找一所出租的房子,结果并未成功。 (不定式短语)
She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.
• 分译:
长句会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚,所以采用分译使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。
4. 语序变化
英汉双语的表述的习惯,主语的差异
确定主语,调整语序
【例】众所周知, 中国在2003年成功地发射了第一艘载人宇宙飞船。
As is known to all, 2003 saw/ witnessed the successful launching of China’s first manned spaceship.
突出重点, 调整语序
英汉的强调的形式差异。
昨晚在晚会上演奏莫扎特作品的是珍妮。
It was Jane who played Mozart at the party last night .
定语的顺序变化
前置定语:
形容词、名词
后置定语:
-Ing 短语、-ed 短语、 to 短语、介词短语、形容词短语、定语从句。
It is a cat .
It is a cat that killed rats.
It is a cat that killed rats that ate malts.
It is a cat that killed rats that ate malts that lay in the house.
It is a cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.
英语顺线性延伸
好好的
照顾的好好的
把一切照顾的好好的
竟然把一切照顾的好好的
他竟然把一切照顾的好好的
没想到他竟然把一切照顾的好好的
的确没想到他竟然把一切照顾的好好的
她的确没想到他竟然把一切照顾的好好的
汉语是逆线性延伸
例如:
Most of the people singing are the students.
What’s the language spoken in thatarea?
I have a lot of work to do today.
People in the world play basketball.
5. 词性变化
英文中几乎所有的词语都可以有词性变化,所以英语句式变化多端。
例句: 可以十点完成么?
Is it possible to finish it by 10?
Is there any possibility for finishing it by 10?
Can we possibly finish it by 10?
六级翻译/六级强化课程之翻译六级翻译技巧讲解-3
翻译注意事项
注意一:中文“逗号”信息处理:
• 非谓语动词结构,
• 介词短语结构,
• 定语从句结构,
• 分词作状语结构;
• And 从句
例如:
京剧中的其中一角色是生,代表着正义男英雄。
Sheng is one of the roles in Peking Opera, which symbolizes a male positive hero.
或
Sheng is one of the roles in Peking Opera, symbolizing symbolizes a male positive hero.
注意二:无主语句的处理方式:
• there be句型
• 被动语态
• 形式主语(It is + adj+ to do…)
无主句的例句:
下雨了
花园里种了很多花
教室有很多人
据说他是骗子
没有安定的政治环境,干什么都不成
译文:Nothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.
例题:现在必须采取措施来保护环境。
1) It is essential to adopt measures to protect the environment
2) There is necessity to adopt measures to protect the environment.
3) Measures should be taken to protect the environment.
4) It is high time that we protected the environment. 虚拟语气
注意三:英语多变化,汉语多重复
如:
我们的社会是一个和谐的社会,
家家户户都会进行大扫除……
方法:
代词替代
动词替代
分词替代
省略
代词替代
我们的民族不再是一个被人们侮辱的民族了
Our nation is no longer one subject to insult and humiliation.
我们提倡和平共处的原则,这项原则目前在世界上已经越来越得人心。
We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence , which is now growing more and more popular in the world.
动词替代
用诸如do so , do it, do that this, do the same等词语来替代。
你不愿意落后,他也不愿意落后。
You don't want to lag behind, neither does he.
美国人已经在开始削减国防开支,我觉得俄国人也会这么做。
Americans are cutting the defense expenditure this year, I think the Russians will do too.
分词替代
你没有搞好,我是不满意的,得罪了你就得罪了你。
You have done a poor job and I am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it.
人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球比赛, 彼得也是这么想的,我却认为并非如此。
People believe that the American team will win the football game, peter thinks so, but I believe not.
省略
【例】
为了进一步推动中美关系的发展,中国需要进一步了解美国,美国也需要进一步了解中国。
【初级】To promote the development of the China- US relations, China needs to know the US better and the US also needs to know China better.
【高级】To promote China-US relations , China need to know the US better, and vice versa.
特别注意:
主谓一致原则:
• 时态,人称,数的一致。
• 注意There be 句型
例:清华大学有超过5千名留学生学习中国文化。
1)Tsinghua University have more than 5000 foreign students learning Chinese culture.
2)There are over 5000 overseas students learning Chinese culture in Tsinghua University.
六级翻译/六级强化课程之翻译六级翻译英汉差异
英汉七大差异比较
一、英语重形合 汉语重意合
二、英语多被动 汉语多主动
三、英语重心在前 汉语重心在后
四、英语注重省略 汉语注重补充
五、英语多变化 汉语多重复
六、英语好静 汉语好动
七、英语重物 汉语重人
一、英语重形合 汉语重意合
汉语
是一种意合性的语言,偏重于语意
英语
是一种形合性的语言,偏重于形式
【例】
多年来秦始皇陵共计出土了约5000多件重要文物。
Over the years, about 5000 important cultural relics were unearthed altogether in Qinshihuang’’s tomb.
【例题】When a representative exceeds his allotted time, the President shall call him to order without delay.
【翻译腔】当一位代表超过他的分配时间,主席将告诉他命令,不要推迟。
【改进】(如果) 代表发言超过规定时间,主席应督促他遵守规则。
二、英语多被动 汉语多主动
汉语用主动表被动,
比如由让、给、由、据等词语
英语更喜欢使用被动语态
特别是在正式的书面文体。
【例题】要发展经济应当组织使用各种各样的人才。对那些真正有本事的人,在工资级别上可以破格提高。
【译文】To develop economy, different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real ability should be especially promoted and given raise.
【例题】这些石材加工机器是为新建工厂而从意大利引进的。
【译文】These stone processing machines have been introduced from Italy for the newly established factory.
耶鲁大学以悠久的发展历史,独特的办学风格,卓越的学术成就闻名于世。
Yale is known worldwide for its long history, unique running style, and outstanding academic achievement.
三、英语重心在前 汉语重心在后
英语 “先果后因”,即重心在前。
汉语 “先因后果”,即重心在后。
“循序渐进”顺序原则
【例题】
史密斯先生自己还不知道犯了什么罪,人家就把他逮捕了。
【译文】
Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware that crime he had committed.
【例题】
However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth.
【译文】
然而,为了确保人人均可获得平等的经济机会,防止公然的不正当行为,抑制通货膨胀并刺激经济增长,人们发现政府的干预常常是必要的
四、英语注重省略 汉语注重补充
汉语讲求词语的均衡与对称
英语省略不重复; 且英语结构严谨,可以允许省略
所以,在英译汉时,一定要注意英汉各自的用词习惯。
【例题】
我白天不时想到那个噩梦,晚上临睡时也会想到它。
【译文】
I kept going back to the nightmare at odd times during the day, then at night when I was being put to bed.
五、英语多变化 汉语多重复
英语同一意思有多种表达
比如:我认为/……..很重要?
汉语 一般多重复
【例如】The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.
【译文】这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。
【例如】
【译文】他厌恶失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,而且藐视别人的失败。
【译文】
He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.
又如:
一片外文杂志描述《老友记》当中的主角。
Jennifer Aniston, Jennifer, Aniston, the former Friends star, the actress, and 45-year–old star…
六、英语好静 汉语好动
中文:
多用动词,
句短简练,生动活泼,表面松散
英文:
英语常用施动性的名词代替动词。
句式多变,结构紧凑、逻辑性强。
天下起了毛毛细雨,令我倍加难受. (名词)
A light drizzle added to my discomfort.
【例】He was a clever man;a pleasant companion; a careless student;with a great propensity for running into debt,and a partiality for the tavern.
【译文】他是个聪明人,很好相处,可是学习不肯用功; 他老是东挪西借, 又喜欢上酒店喝酒。
进入耶鲁大学的校园,看到莘莘学子青春洋溢的脸庞,呼吸着书香浓郁的空气,我不由回想
起40年前在北京清华大学度过的美好时光。
Entering the Yale university, seeing the students’ young faces, and feeling the great academic atmosphere, I couldn’t help recalling my wonderful time spent at Tsinghua University in Beijing 40 years ago.
七、英语重物 汉语重人
汉语重人重主观
英语重物重客观
因此汉译英时,常将“人”的主语改为“物”的主语。
【例】为了探测月球的表面,人们一次又一次地发射火箭、卫星和飞船。
【译文】To explore the Moon's surface, rockets, satellites and airships were launched again and again.
【例】随着现代科学技术的迅速发展,我们能把各种各样的信息传到世界各地。
【译文】With the rapid development of modern science and technology, information can be sent to every part of the world.
六级翻译/六级强化课程之翻译六级翻译高频词汇
表示主要的,重要的
primary, major, main, chief, important, essential, significant
表示充足的
enough, sufficient, plenty, abundant
表示适当的
appropriate
表示提升,改善,加强
enhance, improve, strengthen
表示合法
valid, legal, lawful, rightful
表示卓越不凡
extraordinary, excellent, uncommon, remarkable, outstanding.
表示很有名气
well-known, noticeable, famous
表示义务,有责任去做
compulsory, required, obligatory
表示积极,主动
positive, proactive
表示合理
sound, rational, correct, sensible, logical, reasonable
表示英勇
brave, bold, valiant, heroic, courageous, fearless
表示巨大
huge, large, giant, vast, enormous
表示牢固稳定
sturdy, strong, firm, tough, stable, hardy
表示声誉
reputation, fame, prestige
表示巅峰、顶点
tip, top, peak,climax
表示发现、探索
discover, seek, search
表示增加
increase, enlarge, multiply, expand, raise, accelerate, broaden, magnify
表示减少
reduce, decrease, decelerate, lessen, debase, abate, diminish, decline, discount, subtract, deduct
表示转变
convert, change, transform, switch
表示提供、提交
offer, supply, provide, furnish, contribute, submit
表示构成、组成
constitute, consist, organize, form, erect, establish, compose, comprise,
加快人才培养
accelerate the training of professionals
与……建立关系
establish relationship with
在……取得进步
make progress in
发挥……的作用
play (central, crucial, decisive, essential, fundamental, important, key, leading, major, primary, prominent, significant, vital) role in doing …
常用表达词汇
共赢 all-win situation
加强合作与交流
strengthen cooperation and exchanges
扩大内需
expand domestic demand
面对挑战 face challenge
越来越大的市场
ever-expanding market
提升竞争能力
strengthen the competitiveness
主办2008年奥运会
host the 2008 Olympic Games
具有中国特色
with Chinese characteristics
抓住时机
seize the right opportunities
占百分之(10%)
account for (10%)
达到(10%) reach (10%)
增长/降低百分之(10%)
高速增长
develop at a high speed
保护环境
protect the environment
改善环境质量
increase/decrease by 10%
improve environmental quality
防止空气污染
prevent air pollution
重视环境保护
attach more importance to environmental protection
对……有重大影响
have great influence on
(旅游业) 随时代进步而不断发展 (tourism) has been developing all along with the progress of the times.
和……展开合作
develop cooperation with
中国是一个历史悠久的文明古国,也是一个充满生机的东方大国。
as a country with a long civilized history, China is also one big oriental country full of modern vitality.
在……取得丰硕的成果
fruitful results have been achieved in
提高生活水平
improve living standards
造成/防止/应对污染 cause/prevent/tackle pollution
六级翻译/六级强化课程之翻译六级翻译中国特色词汇
中华文明 Chinese civilization
文明摇篮 cradle of civilization
华夏祖先 the Chinese ancestors
明清两代 Ming and Qing dynasties
中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China
火药 gunpowder
印刷术 printing
造纸术 paper-making
指南针 the compass
汉字 Chinese character
单音节 single syllable
汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters
阳平 level tone
阴平 rising tone
上声 falling-rising tone
去声 falling tone
四书 the Four Books
《大学》 The Great Learning
《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean
《论语》 The Analects of Confucius
《孟子》 The Mencius
《春秋》 the Spring and Autumn Annals
《史记》 Historical Records
《诗经》 The Books of Songs;
《三字经》The Three-Word Chant
《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms
《西游记》 Journey to the West;
《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions
五言绝句 five-character quatrain
七言律诗 seven-character octave
八股文 eight-part essay;
重要文化遗产 major cultural heritage
优秀民间艺术 outstanding folk arts
文物 cultural relics
中国画 traditional Chinese painting
书法 calligraphy
水墨画 Chinese brush painting;
中国结 Chinese knot
旗袍 Cheongsam
中山装 Chinese tunic suit
唐装 Tang suit
文人 men of letters
雅士 refined scholars
高雅艺术 refined art
表演艺术 performing art
现代流行艺术 popular art, pop art
电影艺术 cinematographic art
京剧人物脸谱 Peking Opera Mask
生 the positive male role
旦 the positive female role
净 a supporting male role with striking character
丑 a clown or a negative role
花脸 painted role
马戏 circus show
单口相声 monologue comic talk, standup comedy
特技表演 stunt
相声 comic cross talk
杂技 acrobatics
皮影戏 shadow play;
说书 story-telling
武术 martial art
功夫 kung fu
武术门派 styles or schools of martial art
习武健身 practice martial art for fitness
气功 qigong, deep breathing exercises
拳击 boxing
篆刻 seal cutting
工艺, 手艺 workmanship
卷轴 scroll
泥人 clay figure
唐三彩 Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty
文房四宝 The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study --- a writing brush, an ink stick, paper and an ink stone
民间传说 folklores
寓言 fable
传说 legend
神话 mythology
对对联 matching an antithetical couplet
阳历 solar calendar
阴历 lunar calendar
天干 heavenly stem
地支 earthly branch
闰年 leap year
春节 the Spring Festival
元宵节 the Lantern Festival
清明节 the Pure Brightness Festival
端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival
中秋节 the Moon Festival
重阳节 the Double Ninth Day
古为今用, 洋为中用:
make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china
风水:Fengshui; geomantic omen
春运:the Spring Festival travel
把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到) 预示新年有好运:
turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year
庙会:temple fair
爆竹:firecracker
年画:New Year painting
压岁钱:New Year gift-money
舞龙:dragon/ lion dance
元宵:sweet sticky rice dumplings
花灯:festival lantern
灯谜:lantern riddle
四合院:Siheyuan/ Quadrangle
亭/阁:pavilion/attic
剪纸:Paper Cutting
书法:Calligraphy
针灸:Acupuncture
太极拳:Tai Chi
儒家文化:Confucian Culture
孟子:Mencius
人才流动:Brain Drain/Flow
红白喜事:Weddings and Funerals
天坛:Altar of Heaven in Beijing
故宫博物馆:The Palace Museum
敦煌莫高窟:Mogao Caves
小吃摊:Snack Bar/Snack Stand
北京烤鸭:Beijing Roast Duck
门当户对:Perfect Match
春卷:Spring Roll(s)
铁饭碗:Iron Bowl
莲藕:Lotus Root
火锅:Hot Pot