现在完成时讲解

现在完成时讲解：

一、现在完成时态的结构:have /has (助动词)+done(过去分词)

说明：动词的过去分词有规则形式和不规则形式两种，规则形式同过去式的规则形式。不规则形式需要特殊记忆。可以这样分类：AAA、ABB、ABA、ABC

AAA式：bet, cost, cut, fit, hit, hurt, let, put, read, set, shut, spit, spread等。注：不规则动词中也有规律可循

ABB式：bring brought bought fight fought fought think thought thought buy bought bought catch caught caught

keep kept kept sweep swept swept leave left left feel felt felt pay paid paid say said said

send sent sent lend lent lent sell sold sold tell told told dig dug dug win won won sit sat sat

hear heard heard make made made lose lost lost stand stood stood build built built

find found found understand understood understood get got got hold held held feed fed fed

meet met met lead led led

ABA式：come came come become became become

ABC式：steal stole stolen speak spoke spoken break broke broken drive drove driven write wrote written

give gave given swim swam swum spring sprang sprung run ran run begin began begun

drink drank drunk blow blew blown grow grew grown know knew known throw threw thrown

show showed shown draw drew drawn tear tore torn wear wore worn take took taken

do did done see saw seen

二、现在完成时态的基本句式

肯定句：主语 + have/has + 其他

否定句：在助动词have/has后加上否定词not

一般疑问句：将助动词have或has提到句首，肯定的简略回答是：Yes，主语＋ have/has.

否定的简略回答是：No，主语＋have/has not.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

三、现在完成时态的用法

1、用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，而其结果却和现在有联系: 动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现

在还存在,可以和already, never, ever, just, before, yet等副词连用。例如：

They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)

I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)

I can’t find my watch now. I think I have already lost it. (丢手表发生在过去，但现在还没有找到，即过去的动作对现在造成的影响。)

He has seen the film. So he won’t go with us. (看电影发生在过去，但现 在仍然记得它的内容。)

说明：already与yet都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于 句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用

于句末。例如：

I have already finished my homework.

I haven’t finished my homework yet.

Have you finished your homework yet?

2、表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻 延续到现在（包括“现在”在内） 的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+ 过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。例如：

My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。

Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住 在中国。

How long have you been here? 你来这里多久了？

注意：此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。例如：

(1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。

错误：I have bought the book for three months.

正确：I have had the book for three months.

(2)你哥哥参军多长时间了？

错误：How long has your brother joined the army?

正确：How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier?

四、现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别

1.一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的

事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

2.一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用; 现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week, ago, in1990, in October, just now,

现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。

She joined the League three years ago. (加入的动作不是延续的)

She has been in the League for three years (since three years ago). (在 团内的状态可延续)

She has been a League member for three years (since three years ago). 是团员的状态可持续)

五．比较延续动词与瞬间动词

延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。

He has finished the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)

I’ve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

注意：延续性动词和短暂性动词的用法

1. 短暂性动词与短暂性时间(时间点)连用。如：

He joined the Party three years ago. 他入党三年了。(他三年前入党的)

2. 用“It is/has been＋时间段＋since„”句型。

如：It is/has been three years since I bought the book. 这本书我买了三年了。(从买这本书起到现在已三年了)

3. 用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for＋时间段”或“since＋时间点”。如：He has been in the Green China for three years.

He has been a member of the Green China for three years.他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。

The old man died 4 years ago.---- The old man has been dead for 4 years.

He joined the Party 2 years ago.---- He has been in the Party for 2 years.

I bought the book 5 days ago.---- I have had the book for 5 days.

英语延续动词与非延续动词的转换: 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词 可以与表示时间段的状语连用。

表示时间段的短语有: for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time 等。

非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后 立即结束。如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。

非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock;

例:He died 5 years ago.

延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换

leave --- be away borrow --- keep buy --- have begin/start --- be on die --- be dead

finish --- be over fall ill ---be ill get up---be up catch a cold --- have a cold come/become/go --- be (in) fall asleep --- be asleep get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in) get to know --- know put on→ wear

比较since和for

since 用来说明动作起始时间—“自从…” , for用来说明动作延续时间长度—“长达…”。

在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词

I have lived here for more than twenty years.

I have lived here since I was born.

My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.

I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.

注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时

I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)

I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)

比较have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been in

have(has) been to表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。

have(has) gone 表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。

have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等 He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海

He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)

He has gone to Shanghai. 他已经去上海了.(也许刚动身出发,也许已经到了,也许还在路上,反正他人不在这里) Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了

延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化

1.He died 10 years ago. —— He ______________________ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.

2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago. ——He _______________________the book for 2 weeks.

3. He bought the motorbike a month ago. ——He _______________________the motorbike for a month.

4. He arrived here three days ago.——He ____________here since three days ago.

5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago. ——The light __________________________for 2 hours.

6. He left here 2 years ago.———He _________________________from here for 2 years.

7. The film began 30 minutes ago. ——The film _______________________ for 30 minutes.

8. They opened the door an hour ago. ——The door ________________________ for an hour.

9. They closed the door an hour ago. ——The door __________________________for an hour.

10. He joined the army last year. ——He _____________ a ________________ for a year.

He __________________ the army for a year.

It ____ a year ____ he joined the army.

练习：

一、单项选择。

( )1、Both his parents look sad. Maybe they ______what's happened to him.

A. knew B. have known C. must know D. will know

( )2、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written

( )3、Have you met Mr. Li ____？

Ａ. Just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ.a moment ago

( )4、—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months .

Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived

( )5、—Our country ____ a lot so far . —Yes. I hope it will be even ______ .

Ａ. has changed well Ｂ. changed good Ｃ. has changed better Ｄ. changed; better

( ) 6、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?—Yes. I _____ it a moment ago.

Ａ.Did; do; finished Ｂ.Have; done; finished Ｃ.Have; done; have finished Ｄ. will; do; finish

( ）7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew

( ）8、Harry Potter is a very nice film. I _____ twice.

Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see

( )9、—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really? When _____ there ?

Ａ. will they go Ｂ.did they go Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone

( )10、Zhou Lang ______already ______in this school for two years .

Ａ. was studying Ｂ. will study Ｃ. has studied Ｄ. are; studying

( )11、His father ______ the Party since 1998 .

Ａ.joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in

( )12、—Do you know him well ?—Sure .We ______ friends since ten years ago .

Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made

( )13、He has ___ been to Shanghai, has he ?

Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still

( )14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began

( )15、It ___ ten years since he left the army .

Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was

( )16、Miss Green isn't in the office. She_______ to the library.

Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been

( )17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years.

Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been

( )18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ____?

A. do they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they

( )19、____has Mr. White been a member of Greener China since he _______to China?

A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived

( )20、His uncle ____for more than 9 years.

A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university

二、句型转换。

1、He has never surfed, ___________________ ?（改成附加疑问句）

2、提问) ___________________ have they been here?

3、The old man ________________ last year. He __________________for a year. (die) （动词填空）

4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)

This factory ______________________________ for twenty years.

5、Miss Green left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Green _________________________ an hour ago.

6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）

Her mother ______________ the Party three years ____________________ .

7、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)

______________________________________________________________

三、汉译英。

1、他昨天收到一封信。_______________________________________________________________________

2、我父亲以前到过长城。_____________________________________________________________________

3、她还没有看过那部新电影。 ________________________________________________________________

4、她去过上海。 _____________________________________________________________________________

5、他这些天上哪儿去了？_______________________________________________________________________