过去式的动词形式
方法
(1)原形、过去式、过去分词相同(A-A-A 型):
cast/cost/cut/hit/hurt/let/put/broadcast/burst/read/red/set/shut/spread/thrust/upset
(2)原形、过去式相同,过去分词不同(A-A-B 型):
beat/beat/beaten
(3)原形、过去分词相同,过去式不同(A-B-A 型): come/came/come become/became/become run/ran/run overcome/overcame/overcome
(4)原形不同,过去式,过去分词相同(A-B-B):
1. 在动词原形后加一个辅动词d 或t 构成过去式或过去分词。 2. 把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”构成过去式或过去分词。 3. 其他
feel/felt/felt sleep/slept/slept leave/left/left smell/smelt/smelt keep/kept/kept creep/crept/crept kneel/knelt/knelt sweep/swept/swept spell/spelt/spelt weep/wept/wept
catch/caught/caught fight/fought/fought teach/taught/taught think/thought/thought stand/stood/stood lay/laid/laid
understand/understood/understood pay/paid/paid bleed/bled/bled say/said/said feed/fed/fed stick/stuck/stuck lead/led/led strike/struck/struck meet/met/met tell/told/told
learn/learnt/learnt sell/sold/sold learn/learned/learned win/won/won burn/burnt/burnt wind/wound/wound
burn/burned/burned have(has )/had/had deal/dealt/dealt hear/heard/heard mean/meant/meant lean/leant/leant
dream/dreamt/dreamt lean/ leaned/leaned bend/bent/bent shine/shone/shone build/built/built shoot/shot/shot
lend/lent/lent show/showed/shown, spend/spent/spent show/showed//showed flee/fled/fled sit/sat/sat
speed/sped/sped lose/lost/lost
speed/speeded/speeded dig/dug/dug spit/spit/spit hold/held/held
spit/spat/spat get/got/got(AmE gotten)
bring/brought/brought find/found/found light/lit/lit make/made/made
light/lighted/lighted buy/bought/bought
(5)现在式,过去式,过去分词都不同(A-B-C 型): 1. 在动词原形后加-n 或-en 构成过去分词。 2. 过去式家-n 或-en 构成过去分词。
3. 变单词在重读音节中的的元音字母“i”分别为“a”(过去式)“u”(过去分词)。 drive/drove/driven blow/blew/blown rise/rose/risen fly/flew/flown
wake woke/woken grow/grew/grown do/did/done know/knew/known go/went/gone throw/threw/thrown see/saw/seen prove/proved/proven eat/ate/eaten break/broke/broken fall/fell/fallen choose/chose/chosen give/gave/given freeze/froze/frozen
shake/shook/shaken speak/spoke/spoken take/took/taken steal/stole/stolen
mistake/mistook/mistaken weave/wove/woven forbid/forbad/forbidden begin/began/begun forget/forgot/forgotten drink/drank/drunk ride/rode/ridden ring/rang/rung hide/hid/hidden sing/sang/sung write/wrote/written sink/sank/sunk wear/wore/worn swim/swam/swum
(6)相同动词因其过去式、过去分词有两形式而产生不同词义: speed 过去式、过去分词有两种:
sped/sped快行 speeded/speeded加速 light 过去式,过去分词有两种:
lit/lit点着(表语) lighted/lighted供电,点燃的(定语) shine 过去式、过去分词有两种:
shone/shone/照耀 shined/shined擦亮 hang 过去式、过去分词有两种:
hung/hung悬挂 hanged/hanged绞死
(7)drunken ,stricken ,sunken 已转为形容词常作定语
a ~ sot 酒鬼 in a~manner 摇摇晃晃地 (8)lie 躺卧lay/lain/lying(现在分词) lie 撒谎 lied/lied/lying
lay 放,下蛋laid/laid/laying
(9)come ,become ,overcome 属不规则变化,但welcome 属规则动词,其过去式、过去分词为:welcomed ,welcomed
(10)fly ,blow 不是规则变化,但flow (流)是规则变化,过去式、过去分词为flowed ,flowed.
(11) find 发现 found found found 创建 founded founded
wind 绕 wound wound
wound 伤害 wounded wounded see 看见 saw seen saw 锯 sawed sawed
bear 作“出生”, 过去分词有两种:born ,borne , borne 用于have 之后及带有by 的被动句中; born 用于be born in/on/at中。
作“出生”,以外意义,其形式为bear/bore/borne忍受。
定义
英语单词中由动词原形转变为过去式和过去分词时不按词尾加“-ed”之变化规则者叫做不规则动词(Irregular Verbs)。
现代英语新生成的动词都归入“-ed”的规则变化,例如: park→parked (停车--1864) fax→faxed (以传真传送--1979)
e-mail→e-mailed (以电脑网络传送--1982) (所附年次为最早用例出现年次--O.E.D. ) 因此,不规则动词可以说都是古英语动词的不规则变化因其常用度很高而一直沿用到今天者,所以我们今天在学习英语时绝对无法,也不可能规避这些不规则动词。
从英语的演变来看,不规则动词就是强势动词(Strong Verbs)--即其词形变化全依其本身之语音(尤其是元音)变化来进行而不借助词尾的变化。例如:
原形: buy sing speak
过去式: bought sang spoke 过去分词: bought sung spoken
我们学习不规则动词的时候,最有效的方法就是要针对这种词形变化的现象,了解其变化的型式,发出声音背念,使其能自然地隔入我们的speaking 和writing ,这样才能说确实地把不规则动词学会了。
注:与强势动词相对,须借助“-ed”之词尾来进行词形变化的规则动词就叫做弱势动词(Weak Verbs)。
ABB 型
过去式与过去分词同形 分为以下情形: