延续性和瞬间性动词
a) 用延续性动词代替终止性动词
1、用have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词
1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill
3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词
1“be+on”代start,begin
2“be+up”代get up
3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用的就是:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
一、延续性动词
延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续,而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等。延续性动词的用法很广,但常见于现在完成时中的句子中,且常与for,how,long,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如:
1.I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China. 自从来到中国,我已经学会了l,000多个汉字。
2.We have lived in Linqing since we came here.自从来到这儿,我们就一直住在临清。
3.I have kept the picture for about three years.这张画我保存了大约三年。
瞬间性动词在下列几种情况下可以与段时间状语连用:
一、瞬间性动词表示延续性词义时
有些瞬间性动词可以表示延续性词义,这时它们就可以与段时间状语连用了。例如:
I'm going away for a few days. 我要出去几天。(go away 表示travel) I went to Paris for two weeks. 我去了巴黎两个星期。(go to表示 visit)
We go to the seaside for a week every August. 我们每年八月都要到海滨度过一个星期。(go 表示travel)
She left me waiting in the rain for an hour. 她让我在雨里等了一个小时。(leave表示cause sb. / sth. to be or remain in a particular state or position,即"使某人或某物处于某一特定的状态"。)
二、瞬间性动词的否定形式
瞬间性动词的否定形式可以表示某一状态,这时,可以与段时间状语连用。例如: Don't get off until the bus stops. 等车停了再下车。(停车之前要处于呆在车上的状态。)
三、瞬间性动词的被动结构
"be+瞬间性动词的过去分词"即系表结构也可以表示状态,因此也可以与段时间状语连用。例如:
They have been married for ten years. 他们结婚已经十年了。
The book has been lost for a week.那书已经丢了一周了。
当要表达瞬间性动作发生之后一段时间的概念时,可以有多种不同的表达方式。试比较:
汤姆到了三十分钟了。
方法1:Tom has been here for 30 minutes.
方法2:It's 30 minutes since Tom arrived.
方法3:Tom got here 30 minutes ago.
艾丽丝直到她妈妈回来了才睡觉。
方法1: Alice didn't go to bed until her mother came back.
方法2: Alice stayed up until her mother came back.
你们认识多长时间了?
方法1: How long have you known each other?
方法2: How long ago did you get to know each other?
方法3: How long is it since you got to know each other?
Exercises:
根据汉语完成句子。
1. 火车离开已经十五分钟了。
(1)The train ______ ______ ______ for fifteen minutes.
(2) fifteen minutes the train left.
2. 我直到夜里十二点才睡觉。
(1)I______ ______ ______ ______ until 12 at night.
(2)I______ ______ until 12 at night.
3. 他戒烟已经三个月了。
(1)______ three months______ he ______ ______ smoking.
(2)He______ ______ for three months.
4. 他爸爸去世已经三年了。
(1)His father ______ ______ ______ ______.
(2)His father______ ______ ______ for three years.
(3)______ three years______ his father______.
Key: 1. (1)has been gone (2)It's; since
2. (1)didn't go to bed (2)stayed up
3. (1)It's; since; gave up
(2)hasn't smoked
4. (1)died three years ago
(2)has been dead
(3)It's; since; died