大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)第9讲
第九讲 翻译理论学习：改革开放
以来的翻译
中国历史三次翻译高潮：
1.东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译，
2.明末清初的科技翻译，
3.鸦片战争至“五四运动”期间的西方思想和文学翻译。
新时期翻译：1977--至今
一、1977-1987：对中国翻译理论进行整理和总结阶段
1.罗新璋《翻译论集》（1984）
“案本—求信—神似—化境”的理论体系
2.《翻译通讯》编辑部选编的《翻译研究论文集》。
3.谭载喜
“翻译”： 艺术和技术
“翻译学”：科学。
4. 杨自俭： “翻译学应是研究翻译的思维规律和方法的科学”
二、1987-1997：翻译理论体系化和大量引进外国翻译理论阶段
杨自俭等:《翻译新论》
陈福康:《中国译学理论史稿》
（1992），
大量国外翻译理论:
“奈达”: “功能对等”
“纽马克”: “语义翻译和交际翻译论”
”斯坦纳”
国际上各种翻译理论流派: 如语言学派、
结构转换学派、《圣经》释义学派、 意义认识再现学派
这一时期翻译理论的特点:
语言学理论，面向源文， “信”
后期，
佛美尔和诺德: “目的论” “功能学派”
面向读者， “决定译文面貌的，不是源文，而是翻译目的。”
即，不同的读者，可以产生不同的译文。
三、1997-今：翻译研究的文化转向期
孟昭毅:《中国翻译文学史》（2003），
马祖毅教授等:《中国翻译通史》。 谢天振《译介学》（1999）。
国外翻译理论: 佐哈尔和图里的多元系统翻译理论，
翻译技巧学习
句子的翻译（二）：被动句的翻译
一、将被动句译成汉语的主动句
1．按原顺序译成主动句
（1）The novel A Dream of Red
Mansions has been translated into many foreign languages. 小说《红楼梦》已译成许多外国文字。
（2）His long, weekly editorial
“Frankly Speaking” though
sometimes turgid and repetitious is read by millions.
他每周的长篇专栏“实话实说”有时未免有些华而不实、老生常谈，却仍有千百万人阅读。
（3）During the World Cup the streets were filled with football fans.
世界杯比赛期间，街上挤满了球迷。
（4）The new Command having
been installed, my work there was done, and I returned to give my report to the House. 新的司令部成立后，我在
那儿的任务就完成了，于是我就回国向下院作汇报。
（5）The sense of inferiority that he
acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. 他在青少年时期留下的自卑感，还没有完全消除。
（6）On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.
在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报道了一下。
2．动作发出者译成主语
（1）Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry.
现代工业耗用大量燃料。
（2）Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company.
路易斯公司的一辆拖车把你的汽车拖走了。
（3）While in London, Heikal was
approached by several publishers who urged him to write a book on Nasser.
在伦敦时几个出版商前来和海卡尔接洽，敦请他写一本关于纳赛尔的书。
（4）Cuff’s fight with Dobbin, and
the unexpected issue of that contest, will long be remembered by every man who was educated at Dr. Swishtail’s famous school. 凡是在斯威希泰尔博士那有名的学校里念过书的学生，决不能忘记克普和都宾两人打架的经过和后来意想不到的结局。
（5）By the end of the war 800
people had been saved by the organization, but at the cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战终了时，这个组织拯救
了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
3．把原文中的某一部分译成主语
（1）The compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.
中国在四千年前发明了指南针。（状——主）
（2）The edifice, which is the tallest in the city, was built five years ago.
五年前建造的那座大厦是全市最高的建筑物。（主谓——主）
（3）My brother was taught shorthand by Mr. Cotton.
我弟弟的速记是科顿先生教的。（宾——主）
（4）Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
能的定义为做功的能力。（谓——主）
4．增加逻辑主语
（1）She hadn’t been told Bette’s other name, or she’d forgotten it.
人家没告诉她蓓蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。
（2）If you are asked personal questions you need not answer them.
的问题，你尽可不答。
（3）Memoranda were prepared in
advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed. 在举行个别交谈之前，我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。
（4）It has been mentioned that
Rebecca, soon after her arrival in Paris, took a very smart and leading position in the society of that capital, and was welcomed at some of the most distinguished houses of the restored French nobility. 利蓓加到达法国首
都巴黎不久之后，便在上流社会出入，又时髦，又出风头，连好些光复后的王亲国戚都和她来往。
（5）He was found repairing the machine in the workshop.
有人看见他正在车间里修机器。
二、将被动句译成汉语的判断句
“„„是„„的”
（1）The poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre.
诗歌吟唱时是用七弦琴伴奏的。
（2）The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.
美国的学分制是一八七二年在哈佛大学首先实施的。
（3）Everything in the world is built up from atoms.
世间万物都是由原子构成的。
（4）The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine.
那部科幻小说是我的一个朋友译成中文的。
（5）These books are specially written for children.
这些书是特别为孩子们写的。
三、将被动句译成汉语的无主句
“把”、“将”、“对”
（1）In many countries, authority is seldom, if ever, questioned.
在很多国家，很少向权威提出质疑。
（2）Helsinki became a flourishing port, and a university was founded at Turku.
赫尔辛基变成了一个繁荣的港口，在图尔库还建成了一所大学。
（3）All the data available should be
collected and studied with care before one works at a theory. 在制定理论前，应该把现有的所有数据资料都认真地搜集和研究。
（4）Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
发现了错误一定要改正。
（5）No conclusion has been reached so far.
到目前为止没有得出结论。
（6）Your plan could be fulfilled on time if more efforts were made.
如果作更大的努力就可以按时完成你的计划了。
四、将被动句译成汉语的被动句
“被”、“受”
1．用“被、遭/受、给、得”等
字
（1）I hope that the resolution of the
General Assembly will at last be respected by member states and by Israel in particular.
我希望大会的各项决议的尊重。
（2）I was possessed by the very novelty of what I did. 我被自己所干的事的新鲜劲迷住了。
（3）Those who perform deeds of merit will be rewarded.
立功的人将受到奖励。
（4）Our roof was damaged in last night’s storm.
在昨夜的暴风雨中，我家的屋顶遭到了破坏。
（5）I was seized with sadness as I
thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.
我想到了这座古城在二战时得到幸免而现在却要遭到即将来临的暴乱的破坏，内心感到悲伤。
（6）I started to explain that I
couldn’t do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldn’t let me finish.
我开始解释，我不可能干得很了，但她不准我讲完。
2．用“由”、“让”等字
（1）Two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch. 面积的三分之二由广阔的松林、云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。
（2）With a true democratic system,
he said, Egypt would not have been defeated by Israel in 1967.
他说倘有一个真正的民主制度，埃及在1967色列打败。
（3）The cyclist was knocked down by a truck. 那个骑车人让一辆卡车撞倒了。
（4）The design will be examined by a special committee. 这项设计将由一个专门委员会予以审查。
3．用“予以”、“加以”等字
（1）The design will be examined by a special committee.
这项设计将由一个专门委员会予以审查。
（2）Problems should be resolved in good time.
4. 用“为„„所”句式。
（1）I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
来我就把这些话写在圣诞贺卡上。
（2）Once the people had been
accepted by the organization, they were brought to Brussels.
这些人一旦纳，就被送到布鲁塞尔去。