句子结构英语
句子
一、句子包括的成分
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)
1.主语:主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分.一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当.它的位置一般在句首.
例如:The girl is pretty.
Reading is useful.
To see is to believe.
They are good friends.
2.谓语说明主语做什么,是什么,怎么样,由简单动词或者动词短语构成.
例如:They are teachers.
She looks well.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
He can speak English.
3.表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,短语,或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后面.
例如:I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
Seeing is believing.
4.宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当.它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后.
例如:She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
I think that he is good guy.
5.宾语补足语在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思.它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用.
它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当
例如:If you let me go, I’ll make you king.
Leave the door open.
We found John out when we arrived.
Make yourself at home.
I saw him enter the hall.
The boss keeps them working all day.
I heard my name called.
6.状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度.一般由副词,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,也可由从句来充当.
例如:He did it carefully.
Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.
He is writing with a pen.
7.定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,从句都可以充当定语.
例如: The black bike is mine.
What’s your name?
A broken vase.
A sleeping boy.
I have 5 books.
They made paper flowers.
The boy in the room is Jack.
I have something to do.
It is a swimming pool.
8.同位语 是在名词或代词之后,对其作进一步解释或说明,在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词、和从句等均可作同位语。
如:We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’) We all are students. (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
The news that we’re having a holiday tomorrow is true. (从句作同位语)
二、句子结构
1.简单句:只包含一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子,称作简单句。简单句有以下5种基本句型:
S十V主谓结构
S十V十p主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
( There +be There lies a book on the desk. )
说明:S=主语;V=谓语;P=表语;O=宾
语;O1=间接宾语;O2=直接宾语;C=宾语补足语
五个基本句式详细解释如下:
1. 主语+ 不及物动词
例:He (主语)laughed(谓语动词).
My tooth aches.
2. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
例:They(主语) enjoy(谓语动词) the play(宾语).
I met John in the street yesterday.
3. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语
例:He(主语) is(系动词) out(表语).
Jenny is fine.
It looks like rain, soon.
5. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 补足语
例:She(主语) found(谓语动词) him (宾语 )a very clever student(宾语补足语). I make it a rule to get up early in the morning.
注意:当宾语意思表达不完整时,需要用补足语补充说明宾语的状态、性质等。用作宾语补足语的通常有名词、形容词、动词不定式等。当谓语动词为see, hear , watch, feel 等感官动词或者let, have , make 等使役动词时,如果不定式作宾语补足语,必须省略to。 例如:Let me (to) see. (to)要省去。
英语常用句型 :
1.肯定句; 2.否定句 ; 3.疑问句;
4.反义疑问句; 5.简单句; 6.并列句;
7.主从复合句
每一种句型又都是变化多样得,不是一句话两句话就能说清楚的。