2014年中考英语首字母填空解题技巧及配套试题

2014年中考英语首字母填空解题技巧及配套试题

首字母填空

给首字母填空类短文题是近几年来各地中考试题经常采用的题型之一，因为它有非常好的信度和效度，又能拉开考生间的分差、提高区分度。这种题 型属于能力测试的范畴，它考查的范围极广，可以是英语知识的方方面面，还可能涉及其它学科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形 式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。这种试题的首字母已给，所填的就必须是该字母开头的单词。这既是一种限制，又是一种提示。

可是这种题型因难度相对较大，考生失分现象比较严重。学生要仔细阅读全文，利用上下文提供的有关信息，再仔细阅读相关句子，判断所缺单词的 句子成分，才能完成练习。完型填空式中考试卷中最难的题型，最能测量考生实际运用语言的能力。要做好此类题目，考生不但要有较强的语感，善于体会上下文的 内在联系，而且要有扎实的语言知识储备和较大的词汇量。

不少同学经过长期艰苦的努力，可能仍达不到理想的训练效果，为了帮助同学们解决燃眉之急，在平时的教学中我采用了下面的“台阶式”教学法，而且经过试验，我发现这确实是比较有效的方法之一，对提高学生的解题能力很有帮助。具体做法如下：

Step1：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习，

掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。

(1) 对主语的判断

1. _______ are helpful to students. ( teach )

2. _______ is more important to me than money. ( healthy )

3. Some famous _______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science)

4. _______ is my favorite sport. ( fish )

5. _______ stamps is my hobby. ( collect )

Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting

分析：以上练习中，所填的词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词与代词（1-３）；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或动名词（４-５）。此外，形容词前加the 以及带连词的句子也可作主语。

例如：

The rich are not always happy. 句中the rich 指“有钱人”，因此可以作主语。

What I wanted was just your help. 句中What I wanted是一个带有连词what 的句子，因此也可以作主语。

(2) 对谓语的判断

John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My boy,” she a_____ , “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_______ John. The woman b________ ringing the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______ angrily, “Didn‟t you s______ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”

Key: came asked answered began turned said say isn‟t

分析：语篇中的所缺词均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，而且在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或两个以 上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。平时练习和周练中，我经常让 学生做些“用动词的适当形式填空”练习，有助于对动词形式的判断。

(3) 对宾语的判断

1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast ________ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city.

( develop )

2. The front is in great need of medical _____.( work )

3. Thank you for your _______. ( kind )

4. At last he sold his ______. ( invent )

Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness 4. invention（s ）

分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同和主语的词性一样，单是如果代词作宾语时就必须用其宾格。

(4) 对表语的判断

1. It is ______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible)

2. The sick man is getting ______. ( ill )

3. Patrick is going to be a(n) ______ when he grows up.(engine)

4. Such cold weather is quite _____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. （ usually ）

5. It‟s a ______ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）

Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure

分析：表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词，名词, 介词短语。如果是动词

的适当形式作表语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。

(5) 对定语的判断

1. The _______ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally)

2. On a _____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly)

3. In ______ weather, the old had better stay at home. (freeze )

4. The French artist said, “It is my _____ time to visit Shanghai. I love

this city so much. ( one )

5. Most people don‟t like ________ food. ( freeze )

6. Who is your ________ teacher? ( chemical )

Key: (1) final (2) clear (3) freezing (4) first (5) frozen (6) chemistry

分析:定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词，序数词，介词短语为主。名词修

饰名词说明后面名称的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。如果是动词

的适当形式作定语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。

(6) 对状语的判断

1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong

Kong so ______ (easy)

2. Watch ______, and you will find the difference between the two pictures.

( care )

3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed ______ at last. ( safe )

Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely

分析：状语是说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件和伴随情况

的成分。词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语。如果是动词的适当形式作状语，动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。

(7) 对连词的判断

1. Work harder, __________ you‟ll make great progress in English.

2. My job is to protect the innocent __________ find the guilty.

3. __________ you __________ he can go to the cinema, but you cannot go together because I have only one ticket.

4. Can you tell me _________ you are from?

5. I‟ll give you a call __________ I get to Japan.

Key: (1)and (2) as well as (3) Either…or (4) where (5) as soon as

分析：在英语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not only…but also, either …or, neither…nor, as well as, both… and等连接并列的词, 词组和句子; 而从属连词则连接主句与从句。

Step2：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，有利于提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母填空的第二步。

Step3：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力。

Exercise : Guess the missing word.

1. ________ are helpful to students.

2. ________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.

3. ________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after

class they care for them like parents.

4. ________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.

分析：按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案，1---4均为Teachers ，全部解完后再思考，似乎第一题答案不仅仅只有Teachers 。 按判断主语的结论，凡名词，只要合乎逻辑，都可作为第一题的答案，你会发现Books 也可，继而得出结论：“一切有益于学生的复数名词均为正确答案， 如：Exercises 、Doctors 、Police 、Par ents…”。第二题受后一句knowledge 的限制，答案要少一些， 如：Teachers 、Books ，第三题限制更多，从“care for”判断主语只能是人，即: Teachers。第四题受healthy 的限制，最好填Doctors / Nurses。

以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能：

1. 对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断，然后填入正确的词性，即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系。

2. 必须训练自己扩散性思维能力，如同猜谜，因为词义的确定依靠着对句中限制性信息的判断得出。

3. 良好的语法基本功。在确定完词性与词义后，名词单复数、形容词的比较等级和动词时态的确定等等建立在良好的语法基本功之上。

Step4：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段

Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_______ the school soon. The s_______ in his class have given h______ a lot of p_______. Among t______ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m______ by the students themselves.

Photos will h_____ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_________ when he was with his students. Next week, t________ will have a p_______ to s ______ goodbye to him.

分析：通读短文以后发现Mr. Wu 是一位老师。从old 可推断他不久要退休了, 所以

“l____” 应为谓语动词 leaving ;“s____” 是第三句的主语, 结合 have 判断为 students; “h______”是

give 的宾语, 判断为him ;“p_____” 的内容是 cards, note-books… , 所以判断为名词presents; “t_____” 是介词among 的宾语, 应为them ; “m____” 处于be done by 的结构中, 应为过去分词made;“h_____” 位于情态动词will 之后, 应为动词原形help;“t_____” 是remember 的宾语, 并且受到happy 的修饰应为 time；“t_____” 是主语, 名词或代词 teachers / they;

“p____” 是have 的宾语, 前面有冠词, 所以是名词party ；“s_____” 前有 to, 分析成分为目的状语 to do 即 to say。

Step5：熟能生巧阶段。 要做到举重若轻，必须在前四步的基础上作长期系统的训练，把上述知识演化为解题技能。

例如：

【2011上海】D. Read the passage and fill in the blanks with suitable words .( 在短文的空格内填入适当的次, 使其内容通顺. 每空格限填一词, 首字母已给 ): ( 14分)

At one time, making a film was an expensive activity only for a small group of people and film

companies. Not only were the tools and machines expensive but the cost of film was also far greater than most people could afford. However, modem technology has c 92 all that.

New technology has really opened up the world of film-making for film fans. Now a camera

does not cost m 93 and most young people are certainly able to pay for it. So all you need is to get one for yourself. With that, you may then start your own film-making.

However, film-making is t 94 work. You probably need many other people to help you.

For example, the p 95 of actors and actresses is very important in your film. Of course, these actors and actresses may be your schoolmates, friends or family members. You don‟t even need to pay them a cent while they are glad to be part of your job.

B 96 , you need to make up a story. Can you write your own one? If you have good imagination, you can create an attractive story e 97 . Many world-famous film makers and producers are also good story-writers. If not, perhaps you need someone else to write it for you.

An excellent story is the key to making a s 98 film.

【主旨大意】

文章指出，随着生活水平和现代科技的提高，人们自己制作一部电影已经不再是什么稀罕的事。

文章指出要制作一部优秀的电影，除了优秀演员之外，还需要有一个好的剧本，这是电影成功的保证。

92. changed 【解析】上文提到在过去，制作一部电影是一件十分昂贵的事，只有少数人和电影公司才能干。然而现在随着时间的推移，现代科技将这一切都改变了，故填changed ；

93. much 【解析】本句意为“现在一部相机花费并不多”，价格大多数人都能坦然接受，故填much;

94. tiring 【解析】该句意为“然而，电影制作是一件很累人的事”，work 是不可数名词，故要说tiring work，不能加a;

95. population 【解析】下文中都是在谈论电影中的那些男女演员，加上谓语动词是单数，故应填population ；

96. besides 【解析】上边提到了演员，下边接着讲述应该要有剧本，故填besides ；

97. character 【解析】这个地方讲“如果你的想象力丰富，那么你就能够创作出一个具有吸引力的人物，……”，故答案填character;

98. successful 【解析】该句意为“一个优秀的故事是电影成功的关键”，故答案填successful;

实战练习

（一）

Do you have a pet? Are you i______ in taking care of animals? Girls and boys who like animals may

want to study to be animal doctors. They‟re often c______ “vets”. Many of them work in animal h______. Others may work on farms or at a z_______. Some study animal diseases and try to find w_____ to keep the animals from getting i_____. They do studies in m_____ for animals.

Vets listen to an animal‟s h_____. They check (检查) its ears, eyes, mouth and blood. They o_____on animals when they need to. They may give the animals shots (注射) and tell the pet‟s o ____ what food is best.

（二）

Dear Tom:

Are you surprised to hear from me? I have not heard from you s_____ the beginning of the summer

h_____. How are you getting on with your s______? How are your parents? Is your brother Bill b_____ f______Canada yet?

My stamp collection is g_______ bigger and bigger. I have collected stamps of more than forty d_____ countries. In my stamp books. I usually put the stamps from each country together. I have got a pen-friend from Britain. She gave me some B_____stamps. My American teacher has given me some beautiful American and Canadian stamps. I‟m glad to know you are going to give me some foreign stamps, but I still have not r____ the stamps of Nepal which you said to p______me. Have you sent them off yet?

Please write to me. Have you sent them off yet?

Yours

Zhou Wen

（三）

When Martin was a small boy, he lived in the little town of Holtham. Then he thought the town was a big p_____. Well, Martin went back to Holtham last week. “It‟s a small town!” he thought.

Holtham has changed little during the p______forty years. B______ Martin has changed a lot. He has g___into a man. He is now in m_____ life. His thoughts are a man‟s thoughts, and he sees things through a m_____ eyes.

Martin s________ in Holtham for five years. He walked from street t_____street. He could see no friends. Was Holtham, then, a town of strangers? No, Martin suddenly u______ it all. Only he h_____ was a stranger in the town.

（四）

I got an answering machine for my birthday and I soon realized（意识到）what a u______ machine this is. I am not at home m____of the day, so someone can leave a message and I can ring them b______. They have no way to say they c______ get in touch with (联系) me. S______when I am at home and have work to do, the phone never s______. Now I put the machine on. I am not troubled. So I can do a lot m______ work. There are some people I j______do not want to talk to. So I put the machine on and I don‟t have to s_______ to them. In conclusion(总之) ，I really don‟t know how I lived w_____ this wonderful machine.

(五)

Near the North Pole (北极) there are two s______, winter and summer. The winter nights are long. For more t______two months, you can‟t s______the sun, e______ at noon. The summer days are also long. For more than two months, the sun n_____goes down and there are no n______.

The people there have warm clothes. They make most of these clothes by t____. They make them from the skins (皮) of a______. From skins they make coats and hats and even shoes. In this cold weather, trees can‟t g___ . The people there have to build their houses from skins, earth or snow. Life is h____ for the people there.

(六)

How do you like to go to school like one in Oxford(牛津大学), England ? There are no r_______ classes. The students go from one group to a ______ when they want to. You may find students of fourteen, sixteen or twenty-five years old all in the s_______ group. They work at their o______studies. Nobody tells them what they should or shouldn‟t be doing.

The day I visited, school b______at nine. Some students were working at a tape recorder and listening to their lessons. Others were watching TV on maths. A group was reading in the school l______. I didn‟t see anybody just sit doing n______. Everybody was studying.

At lunch time I could see students w_______, too. They were talking about their lessons while they were e______. When you think of these students you can be sure it is one of the best s ______ in the world.

(七)

One day when Nasreddin was having a bath, he began to s______. The bathroom was small with a stone floor. His song was very b_____, he thought.

“Oh”,he said, “I sing very well. I will sing to o______ people, too, and maybe I‟ll be a famous s_______, and most people will want to hear me.”

So after his bath Nasreddin went up onto the roof (屋顶) of the house and began to sing his song very l____.

A man was w_____in front of the house and he h_____Nasreddin, he said, “What are you doing? You are m_____ a terrible noise. Nobody wants to hear it.”

“Oh, you think so, don‟t you?” answered Nasreddin, “Well, I r_____sing very beautifully. Come to my bathroom and you‟ll hear h____ beautiful I can sing.”

（八）

One day Mike was playing near a river. S______ his knife fell into the river. He felt very sad because the knife was g______ to him by his father as a birthday present, but it was lost. Then all at once, a k_____ old woman came up and asked Mike what was the m______.

“I had lost my knife,” he said, “ it fell into the water when I was playing here.”

The old woman s_____ him a gold (金) knife and asked, “is this y____?” “No.” said the boy.

The old woman then showed him a silver (银) knife and asked a_____, “Is this yours?” “No”, again

answered the boy.

Then she showed him an iron (铁) knife. “Yes, that‟s mine,” c____ out the happy boy. “I know it well e____.” said the old woman.. “Now I will give you the gold knife and the silver knife b______you are an honest (诚实的) boy.”

（九）

Tom liked to play at school. He had not been doing w_______ in the exam.. So the a_____teacher

decided to ask his father to come to school to have a t______with him. When his father came, the teacher said to him, “ Your son didn‟t work hard, and e______ worse, he cheated (作弊) in the exam.”

“ How do you l____it?” Tom‟s father said. “Since Tom has the s_____answer as the girl‟s. The girl sits next to him.” The teacher said. Then the father said, “ Then m_____the girl copied my son‟s answer.”

“Oh no! There are ten questions on the paper. Your son‟s answer t_____the first nine questions are just the same as the g_____. To the last question the girl answered, „I don‟t know‟. And your son write „N_____do I‟ ”.

（十）

A shop owner c____ his shop and went home. He was very t_____,but j_____as he went to bed, the

telephone rang . A man asked, “What time do you o______your shop?”

The shop owner was u______about this phone call. He put down the receiver(听筒) without a____ and went back to bed. A few minutes later the telephone rang again and the man asked the s_____ question. The shop owner became very angry and shouted, “ You needn‟t ask me when I open the shop, f____I won‟t let you i___.”

“Oh, no, I don‟t want to get in,” the man said, “I want to go o____.”

实战练习答案：

1. interested , called, hospitals, zoo, ways, ill, medicine ,heart, operate , owner

2. since, holidays, studies, back, from, getting, different, British , received, post

3. place, past, But, grown, middle, man‟s, stayed, to, understood, himself

4. useful, most, back, can‟t, stops, more, just, speak, without

6. real, another, same, own, began, library, nothing, working, eating, schools

7. sing, beautiful, other, singer, loudly, walking, heard, making, really, how

8. Suddenly, given, kind, matter, showed, yours, again, cried, enough, because

9. well. Angry, talk, even, learn, same, maybe, to, girl‟s, Neither.

10. closed, tired, just, open, unhappy, answering, same, for, in, out

中考英语首字母填空技巧

1. 通读短文（对大意有个了解，而不是盲目的去做。学会跳读，对于不理解的地方可以暂时略过不去管它。）

2. 认真分析，填写单词

（在了解大意的情况下，我们开始一边读一边做题。在阅读过程中，要注意上、下文的关系，对于生词可以根据上下文的意思进行猜测。）（留心找出关键词、短语或句子，还要结合所给首字母的提示，进行填写，并注意单词的正确形式。）

（1） 依据习惯用法与固定搭配进行填词：如【08年 和平】…W his help, the old man was safe. The boy thanked him very much. 从句意我们就知道是“在他的帮助下”， with his help.

（2） 依据语法知识进行填词：如【08年 和平】…It was a l earlier. 从句中的earlier 可以看出它是比较级，我们应该会想到修饰形容词比较级有哪些词，前面有a, 那肯定就是little.

（3） 依据常识的积累进行填词：如【08年 和平】…But it was too late. His friend was very angry. Mr. White said nothing but only one word “S.” Mr. White迟到了，他的朋友很生气，他什么都没说，只说了一个字“S .”我们根据常识肯定是向他的朋友道歉，所以肯定填sorry.

（4）依据逻辑推理与句意理解进行填词：如【08年 和平】One Sunday afternoon, Mr. White drove his new car to his friend’s house happily. He wanted to psee a new movie together. 根据句意，Mr. White高兴地开着车去他的朋友家，然后一起去看电影，我们可以进行逻辑推理，他肯定是去接他的朋友，所以填pick.

4. 细心检查 （检查填写的单词形式和意思是否合理，即是否与文章要求相符，有无句型结构及语法错误比如主语为第三人称单数时动词加s ，动词的时态。）

1. 单词量。

很多学生做不好首字母填空很重要的一点原因是学过的单词没掌握。 每当看到一个首字母，脑子中应该迅速闪过好几个词，然后根据句意选择最合适的一个。或者反过来，用意义对单词，先看句子是什么意思，然后根据意思填出合适的单词。

2. 平时注意积累词组、习惯用法和固定搭配。

（如果老师没带这你们整理的话， 我建议一人备个本子，自己整理，除了课本上的，平时你们考的卷子上易错的都整理到本子上， 平时常拿出来翻翻巩固一下，下次在遇到类似的就会很快想到）（这个最后我也会帮你们整理一份这学期的重点词组，因为我们没法生活在全英的环境中，所以学英语还是要多看多记）

3. 一定注意上下句的联系。

很多情况下。你要填的单词在上文或者下文出现过了，所以说试卷中不是没有答案，而是你要有一双发现答案的眼睛。还有一个情况是在一句话中，可能会出现反义词，也就是说你要填的单词是上文或下文中一个词的反义词。

4. 利用词性帮助判断。

根据上下文及该句判断词性， 再结合首字母确定该词的意思。（要有一定的句法知识）

5. 注意检查。

这里有个方法可以一试， 默读， 利用语感和自己的语法知识填空。如果读着不顺，就有可能有错误。

6. 掌握文章的逻辑顺序，有利于把握文章全局。文章的逻辑关系不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等关系。

Do you know Sweden(瑞典) ？It l 1 in the north of Europe．It is the fourth largest country in Europe with an a 2 of 450, 000 square kilometers and the population of about 8.5 million. Over one third of them live in the three largest cities, namely Stockholm, Goteborg and Malmo. More than half of Sweden is c 3 with trees. It is one of the r 4 countries in the world. About 100 years ago Sweden became industrialized(工业化). Today less than one third of the people are f 5 .

Sweden is the country where the famous Nobel Prizes are awarded. Many people who have been to Stockholm, the c 6 of Sweden, must have visited the places where Nobel Prizes are awarded.

The first language of Sweden is Swedish. English is the first f 7 language in schools. Many middle-school students can s 8 two to three languages. Most of the Swedish people，men and women, o 9 and young , can speak English. So there is no p 10 to speak with them in English．

1.lies :It 代词，代替前面的瑞典Sweden ，后面说in the north of Europe表明方位，所以可以推断，这里应该填“位于”，还有第三人称单数。

2.area ：后面of 450, 000 square kilometers很明显说的是土地面积

3.covered ：有系动词is ，考虑被动语态，被覆盖

4.richest ：one of the 形容词 countries，考虑最高级，后文又说100年前瑞典就开始工业化，证明现在这个国家很富有。

5.farmers ：由上道题得知，瑞典现在很富有，所以只有不到三分之一的人还是农民，加复数

6.capital ：常识题Stockholm 斯德哥尔摩，是Sweden 的首都

7.foreign ：在in schools里，英语当然是“外语”

8.speak ：students 学生只能“说” two to three languages

9.old ：对比and young

10.problem ：前文说男女老幼都会说英语，所以跟他们说英语是没有“问题”的。