简单句(高中)

简单句

只有一个谓语结构的独立成分叫简单句。在简单句中，主语和谓语可以由一个词或短语充当，也可以由两个或两个以上的词或短语充当，组成并列的主语或并列的谓语。除了主语和谓语外，简单句中还可以有宾语、定语、状语、补语等。

简单句的五种基本句型有： 1） 主语+不及物动词 2） 主语+及物动词+宾语 3） 主语+系动词+表语

4） 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 5） 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 一、主语+不及物动词或词组

此句型的用法如下： The little girl smiled. The train is arriving. The engine broke down. The scheme fell down.

注意：主语+不及物动词或词组+状语 My heart hasn’t beat in almost ninety years. Do you dream at night? The concert came off well. She is trembing all over.

He is studying hard at the university. I woke up in the middle of night. George is improving a little. I stepped aside for her to get in.

二、主语+及物动词+宾语

在此句型中可以充当宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、副词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）或介词短语等。 I just wanted some distance between me and the lunatics. She is writing a letter now. They won’t hurt us.

If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.

He is always helping the poorer than himself. He never did the unexpected. He denied visiting her house. She pretended not to see me. They left here last month.

The City Health Department is giving us until this evening.

England failed to win a place in the World Cup Finals in Spain.

I ’m sorry I missed seeing you while in Shenyang.

She is afraid of falling behind the others.

注意（4）下列动词既可以接动名词作宾语，又可以接不定式作宾语。常见的有： attempt begin cease 停止 continue forget hate intend like love plan propose regret remember start try 等。 The teacher said, “You begin writing now”, and the children began to write. Will you start reading / to read? 注意(5)同源宾语

多数同源宾语在词源和意义上与谓语动词相同，可接同源宾语的动词有：

blow breathe die dream fight laugh live look nod sigh sleep smell smile strike think When the policeman failed to notice her, she sighed a deep sigh of relief. He laughed a hearty laugh.

三、主语+系动词+表语

在此结构中，表语的动能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它位于系动词之后，构成系表结构（或叫复合谓语）。 Gradually he became silent. His explanation sounds all right.

The problem is finding the right house. (一) 系动词

系动词本身有词汇意义，但不能单独作谓语，必须带有表语而构成系表结构，系动词没有被动语态。根据系动词的意义和用法，可分为以下三类：

He stayed young. The dish smells good.

The pollution problem is growing serious. The tide was running strong.

turn 或go 后面接单数名词作表语时前面不加冠词，但名词前有形容词时，前面加不定冠词。 The man turned traitor after he was arrested. He turned a good fellow. He has gone socialist. (二) 表语

表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它位于系动词之后，构成系表结构（或叫复合谓语）。可以用作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等。

It ’s nearly eleven, you’d better get on board. We can remain friends.（名词作表语） She will make a good teacher.(名词作表语) He is very tired and looks it.（代词作表语）

Please feel free to say what you really think.（形容词作表语） You will be the first to speak.（数词作表语） The television was still on.（副词作表语）

（介词短语作表语） Her hobby is collecting stamps.（动名词作表语）

His purpose was to become a surgeon.（不定式作表语） These books are to be read for pleasure.（不定式作表语） His work is disappointing.（现在分词作表语）

The land reform question remained unsolved.（过去分词作表语） 1. 副词作表语。

大部分与介词同形的副词都可以作表语，这样的词有：off, behind, up, above, over, by, about, through, round, along, on, down等。另外还有一些副词作表语，如：home, away, here, there, abroad, upstairs, out等。 Are they back yet?

Communications were back to normal at noon. The book will be out soon.

2. 心理使动词的现在分词和过去分词作表语

所谓心理使动词，指那些使人产生某种心理反应、心理活动的动词。这些动词大都有“使“的意思，但不是”使役动词“，不是表示让人做什么，而是表示使人怎样，使人产生某种（喜悦、恐惧、沮丧等）心理活动。 心理使动词有如下几个特点：

1） 主语一般是物（偶尔可以是人），宾语则只能是人；

2） 均有-ed 和-ing 两种形式，可作表语和定语；-ed 形式作表语或定语时，句中主语或

被其他修饰的词应是表人的名词，-ed 含义为“感到… ”；-ing 形式作表语或定语时，句中主语或被其所修饰的词一般是表示物的名词，有时可以是人的名词，-ing 的含义为“令人…的”；-ed 形式可以修饰表情或情感变化相关的名词，如：smile, laugh, tears, voice, look, expression等，-ing 形式有时也可以修饰这些名词，要通过它们的含义来判断。心理使动词如下： 表示激动、喜悦、满意：

表示惊讶、困惑：

The situation is encouraging.

The weather of this summer is disappointing. He was/ felt delighted at the news.

3. 不定式作表语

不定式作表语时，句中作主语的名词常常是：purpose, aim, difficulty, function, plan, principle, problem, rule,task, idea, opinion等。主语部分有实意动词“do ”时，作表语的不定式可以省略”to ”.

The prupose of this meeting is to elect a new captain.

We weren’t allowed to stop him. All we could do was (to) watch him. The best treatment for fatness if to reduce the internal fat. (三） 系表结构的短语

go blad（头秃），blind,dead （电话中断，电池用完等），green, white(脸色发白) ，mad （发疯），pale （脸色发白），red, rotten, wrong

come cheap, open, easy, loose(松了) ，natural, right(没问题) ，true, undone(松开了) fall asleep, (a) victim to(成为…的牺牲品) ，dark, due(到期了) ，ill, lame, sick, silent A man like you easily falls victim to the greed of others. run cold, dry, high, loose, low, short, wild， turn black, cold, sour(变酸了) ，traitor

He turned traitor to his country.(单数米歌词作turn 的表语，前面不加任何冠词)

turn out a fine day, a great success, better, clear, successful, well, wet(turn ou…t 的含义为；结果弄清楚是…)

prove a good friend, a waste, effective(有效的) ， interestiing, sound, useful, useless His advice did prove sound.

四、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

英语中有些动词后面跟两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语为动词直接涉及的事物，指动作的承受者；间接宾语往往指涉及的人，指动作所向的或所为的人或物（多指人）。

Bless the children, give them triumph now.

Pass me the pepper, please.(Pass the pepper to me, please.) He assigned the students a few books to read.

(

Can you play us some light music( some light music for us)?

She ’ll find you a position.

That will save us a lot of trouble.

(They fined her $ 300.

The teacher set us a difficult problem.

(四) 直接宾语是代词或两个宾语都是代词时，常把间接宾语以“to 短语”的形式放在直

接宾语的后面。在口语中，我们的位置关系比较灵活 We sent it to the police station. He gave it to me. I ’ll lend them to you.

注意：在口语中可以说：

He gave it me/ He gave me it.(比较灵活)

I ’ll lend them to you/I’ll lend you them.（比较灵活）

（五）必须带介词to 的短语的动词，表示动作的方向和目标

有些表示说话的动词不是双宾语及物动词，因此，要用这种动词表示对谁说话，只能跟有由to 引导的介词词组，不管这种词组是位于宾语之前还是之后。常见的这类动词有： announce communicate describe explain express introduce mention present point out relate repeat report say shout suggest whisper 等。

The guide described the scenic spots to the tourists. We pointed out to them the benefits of cooperation.

Our teacher explained to us the difficult words in this lesson. 五、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语

有时，虽然谓语动词有了宾语，但句子意义仍不完整，需要在宾语之后增加一个成分，来说明宾语所表示的人或物的属类、性质、状态等，这种增加的成分叫做宾语补足语（有的语法书称之为“复杂宾语”），和宾语一起被叫做复合宾语。可以充当宾语补足语的有：名词，代词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动名词，不定式，现在分词，过去分词，as 短语等。

（一） 名词作宾语补足语常用在下列动词后

He proved himself an able man.

注意：当一个名词作补语、表语、同位语或作as 的宾语表示的是一个头衔或职位的名词时，前面不加冠词（有时加定冠词）。这样的名词有：monitor, chairman, head, director, leader, president, king, minister,captain, manager, headmaster等。 They appointed him minister to a foreign country. John was elected (the) chairman of the committee. He succeeded his father as president of the company.

（二） 形容词作宾语补足语常用在下列动词后

He laid himself flat on the ground. The news struck us dumb.

(三） 副词作宾语补足语

大部分与介词同形的副词都可用作宾语补足语，这样的词有：above, about, along, behind, by, down, in, off, on, over, round, through, up等。另外还有一些副词作宾语补足语，如：abroad, away, here, home, out, there, upstairs等。 Let the fresh air in.

He is sure to help us through. She has slept her headache off. （四）介词短语作宾语补足语

He put his books in order.

（五）动名词短语作宾语补足语

I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.拆东墙补西墙

（六）不定式短语作宾语补足语。感官动词see, hear 等或使役动词have 、 make 、let 等后

面作宾补的不定式要省略to

Remind me to write that letter, will you?

Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. (七) 现在分词作宾语补足语

I remember him, as a child, plaing the piano beautifully. (八) 过去分词短语作补足语

She left the ironing undone and went bowling. You will be kept informed of what’s going on here. (九) 代词作宾语补足语

For that reason I consider it something we msu never do. What do you call this kind of flower? (十)as 引出宾语补足语。

We regard this as of great improtance. We look up the teacher as our friend.

(十一) 先行词it 代表不定式或动名词作形式宾语，而把正真的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。 I don’t think it possible for them to finish everything in one week. I consider it a privilege to work in your country. We find it difficult to satisfy their needs.

We thought it no good telling him about that.