职称英语历年真题[理工类A级]

2013年职称英语考试及答案《理工类A级》（京华网校提供） 第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)

下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. the rules are too (rigid) to allow for human error.

a. inflexible

b. general

c. complex

d. direct

2. this species has nearly (died out) because its habitat is being destroyed. a. turned dead

b. passed by

c. carried away

d. become extinct

3. the contract between the two companies will (expire) soon.

a. shorten

b. end

c. start

d. resume

4. three world-class tennis players came to (content) for this title.

b. claim

c. wish

d. compete

5. the methods of communication used during the war were (primitive). a. simple

b. reliable

c. effective

d. alternative

6. respect for life is a (cardinal) principle of the law.

a. moral

b. regular

c. fundamental

d. hard

7. the drinking water has became (contaminated) with lead.

a. polluted

b. treated

c. tested

d. corrupted

8. come out, or i’ll (bust) the door down.

b. set

c. break

d. beat

9. she (shed) a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.

a. wiped

b. injected

c. produced

d. removed

10. they didn’t seem to appreciate the (magnitude) of the problem. a. existence

b. importance

c. cause

d. situation

11. the tower remains (intact) ever after two hundred years.

a. unknown

b. unusual

c. undamaged

d. unstable

12. many experts remain (skeptical) about his claims.

a. doubtful

b. untouched

c. certain

d. silent

13. the proposal was (endorsed) the majority of members.

a. rejected

b. submitted

c. considered

d. approved

14. rumors began to (circulate) about his financial problems.

a. send

b. spread

c. hear

d. confirm

15. the police will need to keep a (wary) eye on this area of town. a. naked

b. cautious

c. blind

d. private

答案：1-5：a d b d a;6-10：c a c c b ; 11-15：c a d b b

第2部分：阅读判断(第16~22题，每题1分，共7分)

下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断;如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择a;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择b;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择c。

new understanding of natural silk’s mysteries

natural silk, as we all know, has a strength that manmade materials have long struggled to match. in a discovery that sounds more like an ancient chinese proverb than a materials science breakthrough, mit researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are inherently very weak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure.

most materials -- especially the ones we engineer for strength -- get their toughness from brittleness. as such, natural silks like those produced by spiders have long fascinated both biologists and engineers because of their light weight, ductility and high strength (pound for pound, silk is stronger than steel and far less brittle). but on its face, it doesn't seem that silks should be as strong as they are; molecularly, they are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are far weaker than the covalent bonds found in other molecules.

to get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the mit team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. they found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals is such that the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure.

the result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength. but while that's all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. our best and

strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (requiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes).

by looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new

manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. and if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes, think again. the mit team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk -- like carbon nanotubes. super-silks are on the horizon.

参考译文：

我们都知道，蚕丝具有的韧性是人造织物长期奋力追求的目标。在一项研究中(该项研究成果听起来更像一则古代中国谚语，而不是材料科学的突破)，麻省理工学院的研究人员发现，蚕丝的力量源于其脆弱，或者，更具体地说，是它的多方面的脆弱。蚕丝的异常耐久性和延展性来自一种特别的氢键结构，这些氢键本质上非常脆弱，但它们共同创造了一种强壮而富有弹性的结构。

大多数材料(特别是那些要求硬度很高的材料)的韧性来自脆性。因此，和蜘蛛制造的蛛丝类似的蚕丝，因其重量轻，延展性强和韧性高，长期以来引起了生物学家和工程师的兴趣(同样重量，蚕丝比钢要壮，也不那么脆)。但表面上，蚕丝看起来却不那么强壮;从分子结构上看，它们是由氢键组成的，氢键比其他分子中发现的共价键要脆弱得多。

为了更好地了解蚕丝如何以如此脆弱的化学键产生这么强壮的力，麻省理工学院的研究小组创造了一套计算机模型，这种模型能够让他们在原子层次上观察蚕丝的活动方式。他们发现，微小蚕丝纳米晶体的结构使氢键能够齐心协力地合作，相互增援，对抗外力，同时，当外力减弱时也随之慢慢减弱，这样就不至于在蚕丝的整体结构上出现突然的断裂。

这样，天然丝能够既伸缩和弯曲，又能够保持极高的韧力。对于蜘蛛和蜜蜂之类的昆虫来说这也没什么，但对于蚕丝几何形状的这种了解，可能帮助人们制造出比我们面前能够制造的材料更结实而又更柔软的新材料。最好和最结实的材料通常是很昂贵而又难以制造的(需要高温处理，或者高能耗处理)。

通过研究蚕丝作为一个例子，研究人员有可能设计出制造材料的一种新方法，即用廉价材料和弱键，制造不那么坚硬而又柔软，但比目前所用的任何材料都结实的材料。如果你认为不研究碳纳米管的理论，就能从这一则材料学信息中获取制造方法，那请三思。麻省理工

学院研究小组已经在实验室利用比蚕丝还结实的材料(比如碳纳米管)研究合成类似蚕丝一样的结构。超级蚕丝即将出现。

16. mit researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient chinese proverb. a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned

17. silk’s strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together. a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned

18. biologist and engineer are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle.

a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned

19. if the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast. a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned

20. the mit team had tried different materials before they studied natural silk in their research.

a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned

21. carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in material science. a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned

22. it is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future.

a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned

答案：babbc ca

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。 black holes

23-26: d a f b

a. what are black holes made of?

b. is there proof that black holes really exist?

c. how were black holes named?

d. how are black holes formed?

e. what are different types of black holes?

f. what happens to the objects around a black hole?

27-30: e d c f

27. black holes are formed after_.

28. when a large star explodes, the gravity compacts ever piece into_.

29. a newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of_.

30. albert einstein’s theory of relativity helps to prove_.

a. a fraction of an inch

b. the creation of new entities

c. the same amount of mass

d. the tiniest particle

e. an explosion of huge stars

f. the existence of black holes

第4部分：阅读理解(第31~45题，每题3分，共45分)

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。 第一篇

on the trial of the honey badger

31. why did the wild life experts visit the kalahari desert?

a. to find where honey badgers live.

b. to catch some honey badgers for food.

c. to observe how honey badgers behave.

d. to find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.

32. what does kitso khama say about honey badgers?

a. they are always looking for food.

b. they do not enjoy human company.

c. they show interest in things they are not familiar with.

d. it is common for them to attack people.

33. what did the team find out about honey badgers?

a. there were some creatures they did not eat.

b. they were afraid of poisonous creatures.

c. female badgers did not mix with male badgers.

d. they may get some of the water they needed from fruit.

34. which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?

a. they don’t run very quickly.

b. they defend their territory from other badgers.

c. they hunt over a very large area.

d. they are more aggressive than females.

35. what happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them? a. they became less aggressive towards other creatures.

b. they lost interest in people.

c. they started eating more.

d. other animals started working with them.

第二篇

forecasting methods

there are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. the method forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast. the first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. the persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. for example, if it is sunny and 87 degree today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degree tomorrow. if two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. however, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.

the trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation. using this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. for example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, suing the trends method

you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. the trends method works well when systems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. if they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.

the climatology method is another simple way of producing a forecast. this method involves averaging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. for example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for new york city on july 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every july 4th and take an average. the climatology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. if the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail.

the analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. it involves examining today's forecast scenario and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). the forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. the analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually impossible to find a predict analog. various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations they were in the previous time. even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.

36. which of the following is not mentioned in choosing a forecasting method? a. necessary amount of information.

b. degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.

c. practical knowledge of the forecaster.

d. creativity of the forecaster.

37. the persistence method fails to work well when

a. it is rainy.

b. it is sunny.

c. weather conditions change greatly.

d. weather conditions stay stable.

38. the trends method works well when

a. weather features are defined well enough.

b. predictions on precipitation are accurate.

c. weather features are constant for a long period of time.

d. the speed and direction of movement are predictable.

39. the analog method should not be used in making a weather forecast when a. the current weather scenario is different from the analog.

b. the analog looks complicated.

c. the analog is more than 10 years old.

d. the current weather scenario is exactly the same as the analog.

40. historical weather data are necessary in

a. the climatology method and the analog method

b. the persistence method and the trends method

c. the trends method and the climatology method

d. the persistence method and the analog method

第三篇

students learn better with touchscreen desks

observe the criticisms of nearly any major public education system in the world, and a few of the many complaints are more or less universal. technology moves faster than the education system. teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest. and--particularly in the united states—grade school children as a group don’t care much for, or excel at, mathematics. so it’s heartening to learn that a new kind of “classroom of the future” shows promise at mitigating some of these problems, starting with that fundamental piece of classroom furniture: the desk.

auk study involving roughly 400 students, mostly aged 8-10 years, and a new generation of multi-touch, multi-user, computerized desktop surfaces is showing that over the last three years the technology has appreciably boosted students’ math skills compared to peers learning the same material via the conventional paper-and-pencil method. how? through collaboration, mostly, as well as by giving teachers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward. science, clay dillow, classroom of the future, education, engineering, math, mathematics, synergy net traditional instruction still shows respectable efficacy at increasing students fluency in mathematics, essentially through memorization and practice--dull, repetitive practice. but the researchers have concluded that these new touch screen desks boost both fluency and flexibility--the critical thinking skills that allow students to solve complex problems not simply through knowing formulas and devices, but by being able to figure out what there all problem is and the most effective means of stripping it down and solving it.

one reason for this, the researchers say, is the multi-touch aspect of the technology. students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop, each of them contributing and engaging with the problem as part of a group. known as synergy net, the software uses computer vision systems that see in the infrared spectrum to distinguish between different touches on different parts of the surface, allowing students to access and use tools on the screen, move objects and visual aids around on their desktops, and otherwise physically interact with the numbers and information on their screens. by using these screens collaboratively, the researchers say, the students are to some extent teaching themselves as those

with a stronger grasp on difficult concepts pull other students forward along with them.

41. which of the following statements is not true of the public education system? a. it does not catch up with the development of technology.

b. some similar complaints about it are heard in different countries. c. many students are not good at learning mathematics.

d. teachers pay more attention to fast learners than slow learners.

42. what has been found after the new tech is employed?

a. students become less active in learning mathematics.

b. students show preference to the conventional paper-and pencil method. c. teachers are able to give individualized attention to students in no difference.

d. the gap between slow learners and fast learners gets more noticeable.

43. what is the benefit student get from the new tech?

a. it makes them more fluent in public speech.

b. it enables them to develop critical thinking ability.

c. it offers them more flexibility in choosing courses.

d. it is effective in helping them solve physical problems.

44. what happens when students are using the desktop of the new tech? a. every student has an individual tabletop.

b. the multi-touch function stimulates students.

c. the software installed automatically identifies different users. d. students use different tools to interact with each other.

45. how does the new tech work to improve student’s mathematical learning? a. it helps fast learners to learn faster.

b. it enables them to work together.

c. it makes teacher’s instruction unnecessary.

d. it allows the whole class to learn at the same pace.

答案：ccdcb dccaa dbbbb

第5部分：补全短文(第46~50题，每题2分，共10分)

下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容讲其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。

toads are arthritis and in pain

46-50：e b c a f

a. toads are not built to be road runners—— they are built to sit around ponds and wet areas.

b. the task now facing the country is how to remove the toads.

c. furthermore, they soon take over the natural habitats of australia’s native species.

d. toads with longer legs move faster and travel longer distances while the others are being left behind.

e. but this advantage also has a big drawback—— up to 10% of the biggest toads suffer from arthritis.

f. but arthritis didn’t slow down toads outside the laboratory the research found.

第6部分：完形填空(第52~65题，每题1分，共15分)

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

better solar energy systems: more heat, more light

solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or pvts, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. that’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’t a very efficient way to gather heat.

that’s a problem of economics. good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. and it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.

in a pair of studies, joshua pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better pvt made with a different kind of silicon. his research collaborators are kunal girotra from thin silicon in california and michael pathak and stephen harrison from queen’s university, canada.

most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. they don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. and, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the staebler-wronski effect.

“that means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light—pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” pearce explains, which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. however, pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the staebler-wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new tyep of pvt. you don’t have to

cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. in fact, pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the staebler-wronski effect. when they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

51. a. unless b. until c. when d. if

52. a. which b. what c. that d. who

53. a. reward b. bill c. cost d. pay

54. a. take b. move c. set d. live

55. a. decision b. suggestion c. qualification d. solution

56. a. for b. as c. by d. with

57. a. retrieve b. require c. merge d. exchange

58. a. certainly b. luckily c. unfortunately d. immediately

59. a. cover b. expose c. relate d. face

60. a. restrictions b. advances c. strengths d. reasons

61. a. way b. part c. result d. subject

62. a. size b. type c. shape d. brand

63. a. area b. place c. point d. extent

64. a. promoted b. overcame c. improved d. assessed

65. a. defined b. wasted c. lowered d. boosted

答案：bacad dbcbd abcbd