英语语言学树形图举例
树形图详细讲解
1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.
a) The old lady suddenly left.
Det A N Qual V
b) The car stopped at the end of the road.
Det N V P Det N P Det N
c) The snow might have blocked the road.
Det N Aux Aux V Det N
d) He never appears quite mature.
N Qual V Deg A
2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.
a) full of people
AP
P N
full of people
b) a story about a sentimental girl
NP
NP PP
N P NP
Det A N
a story about a sentimental girl
c) often read detective stories
VP
Qual V NP
A N
often read detective stories
d) the argument against the proposals
NP
NP PP
Det N NP
N
the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window
VP
V
PP
P Det N
move towards the window
3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.
a) The jet landed.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N Pst V
The jet landed
b) Mary became very ill.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst V AP
became very ill
c) What will you talk about?
CP
NP C S
N Infl NP Infl VP
VP NP
V P N
S
NP VP Det N Aux V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det N V NP
Det N
The apple might hit the man
e) He often reads detective stories.
S
NP VP
N Qual V NP
A N
He often reads etective stories
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Qual V NP
A N
often reads etective stories
4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.
a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V NP
Det A N
A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P N
A huge moon hung in the black sky
c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A N Pst V PP
P NP
N
An unusual event occurred before the meeting
d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
Det A NP Pst V PP
N P NP
Det A N
A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill
5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.
InflP(=S) NP VP
N Aux V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
OR
InflP(=S)
NP VP
N Infl V NP
Det A NP
N CON N
Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants
b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.
S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pst VP CON VP
VP NP V Adv
P Det N
Helen put on her clothes and went out
c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
S
NP VP
N VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
OR
InflP(=S)
NP Infl VP
N Pres VP CON VP
VP NP VP NP
V A P N V A P N
Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics
d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.
S
S CON S
NP VP NP VP
Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv
The detective went out and the mysterious man came in
e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.
VP
N V S
S CON S NP VP NP VP
N Aux V Det N Aux V
Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt
6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.
a) You know that I hate war.
S
VP
CP
N V S
NP VP
N V N
You know that I hate war
OR CP
C InflP(=S)
Infl VP
CP
N Pres V C S
NP VP
N V NP
N
You know that I hate war
b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.
S
VP
N V C S
NP VP
CP
N V S
NP VP
N V A
He said that c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.
S
VP
N VP NP
CP
Aux Neg V NP C S
Det N NP VP
N V NP
Det A N
Gerry can not believe the d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.
S
NP VP
CP
N VL A C
NP VP
N V NP
N Det N
Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce
e) The children argued over whether bats had wings.
S
NP VP
Det N VP C S
V P NP VP
N V NP
The children argued over whether bats had wings
7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.
a) The essay that he wrote was too long.
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V AP
C S Deg A
NP Infl VP
N V NP
N
The essay he wrote that was too long
Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V AP
C S Deg P
NP NP Infl VP
N N Pst V NP
N
The essay that he wrote e was too long
b) The dog that he keeps bites.
Deep structure CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V
C Infl S
Pres NP VP
N V NP
N
The dog he keeps that bites
Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V
C S
NP NP Infl VP
N N Pres V NP
N
The dog
bites c) Herbert found the man she loved.
Deep structure
CP
C
S
NP VP
N Infl V NP
CP
Det N C S
NP Infl VP
NP
N V
N
Herbert found the man she loved who
Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
N Infl V NP
CP
Det N S
C
NP Infl VP
NP NP
N V
N N
Herbert found the
Deep structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V PP
NP
C Infl S
N
NP VP
PP
N Qual VP NP
V P N
The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics
Surface Structure
CP
C S
NP VP
Det N CP V PP
NP
C S
N
NP NP Infl VP
PP
N N Qual VP
V P N
The girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics
8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. a) Would you come tomorrow? Deep structure CP
C S
VP
NP AdvP
N Infl V Adv
you would come tomorrow
Surface structure
CP
C S
VP
NP AdvP
Infl
N Infl V Adv
come tomorrow
b) Can you pass me the newspaper?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP NP
N Infl V Det N
you can pass me the newspaper
Surface structure
CP
C S
Infl NP NP
N Infl V N Det N
pass me the newspaper
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP NP
Det N Infl V Det N
the students should report the incident
Surface structure
CP
C S
VP
Infl NP NP
Det N Infl V Det N
report the incident
d) What did you eat for lunch?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
NP NP N Infl V P
N N
you did eat what for lunch
Surface structure
CP
NP C S VP
Infl NP PP
NP NP N N Infl V P
N N
for lunch
e) Who should this be reported to ?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
VP NP N Infl V P
N
this should be reported to whom
Surface structure
CP
NP C S
VP
N Infl NP PP
VP NP N Infl V P
N
f) What was Helen bringing to the party?
Deep structure
CP
C S
VP
NP PP
NP NP N Infl V P
N Det N
Helen was bringing what to the party
Surface structure
CP
NP C S
VP
N Infl NP PP
NP NP N Infl V P
N Det N
to the party