俄罗斯文化
中文:俄罗斯独特的民俗风情" 英文在下面喔"
俄罗斯人对酒怀有一种特殊的情结。女士们一般喜欢喝香槟酒和果酒,而伏特加则是男士们的至爱。俄罗斯人喜欢喝纯粹的白酒,并喜欢大杯大杯地豪饮下去。这是他们豪爽浪漫、不拘小节性格的反映。
俄罗斯有用面包和盐迎接贵客的习惯。一进酒店,就见两个象从童话里走出来的盛装俄罗斯姑娘款款走上前,她们亲切地行礼,然后递给你一块圆面包,面包上边放着一个小盐缸。您撕下一小块面包,沾上盐吃了。用面包和盐接待客人,是因为盐在历史上是很昂贵的,沿袭至今,表示对贵客的友好和尊重。
套偶或套娃是俄罗斯最典型、最普及的民间工艺品之一。套偶是用彩色油漆加以描绘,大多穿传统的俄罗斯民间服饰,包着头巾,提着小花篮,煞是鲜艳可爱。套娃的价格随着木头的质量和制作工艺的精细程度不同,便宜的有1至3美元。
俄罗斯的人名常常令中国人头痛,俄罗斯的姓名全部由名字,父称和姓三部分组成,又有小名,爱称和呢称,名字相当于中国人的大名,即正式名字。大名与小名,爱称是相互对应的。在实际交流中,直呼大名是非常必要的。苏联时期,最常用的称呼是同志和公民,而如今,男士和女士则是常用的,“母申娜”即男人,男士的读音,“接物什嘎”则是女士,姑娘、小姐的称呼。从十几岁到五、六十岁都可以用,对上了年纪的女性,千万别叫人家老奶奶“巴布什嘎”,那是极不礼貌的,俄罗斯怕别人说她老。对小伙子,可直呼“年轻人”。
礼仪方面,送鲜花是最佳的礼物,可一定要记住,送花一定要送单数。巧克力则是万能的礼物,价值不必太高,正应了“礼轻情义重”。中国人若给亲戚朋友带礼物,木套娃娃是首选。木套娃娃也叫“玛特辽什卡”,是由小到大一层一层套起来的。大披肩、木雕制品,军服、军用水壶、纪念章、水晶制品,以及望远镜,夜视仪、工艺手表、怀表等。大个的还有俄式茶饮。俄制的伏特加酒也是上好的礼物。
英语:Russia's unique folk customs
The russians on wine have a special complex. Ladies generally like to drink champagne and wine, and vodka is men's most beloved. Russians like pure white wine, and like mugs big cup to drink down. This is their gracious romantic, informal section of the character of the reflection.
Russia useful bread and salt to meet the honored guest habit. A the hotel, and beheld two from a fairy tales out of the Russian girl dressed tender go forward, they affectionately smartly, then handed you a piece of bread rolls, put a little above salt cylinder. You piece of bread with the salt to eat. With bread and salt reception guests, because salt in history is very expensive, has followed so far, say to the honored guest friendly and respect.
Set of OuHuo sets conditions is Russia's most typical, one of the most popular folk handicraft. Set of accidentally is using color paint describe, mostly to wear traditional Russian folk dress wrapped head scarf, carrying a-tisket, very bright and lovely. Sets conditions price with wood quality and production process, fine different degree of cheap has $1 to $3.
Russia's names always make Chinese headache, Russia's name all by name, the father says and last name three components, and have great gabito, nickname and say, name is equivalent to the Chinese name, namely formal name. Name and great gabito, nickname is mutual correspond. In the actual exchange, to keep shout name is very necessary. The Soviet period, most commonly called a comrade and citizen, and nowadays, men and women are common, "mother ShenNa" namely man, man pronunciation, "connect content assorted honk" is a lady, girl, miss titles. The teen years to five, sixty
years old, can use for older women, don't call somebody else granny "ba bush quack,", that is highly polite, Russia are afraid of being said she old. For boys, can keep shout "youth".
Etiquette, send a flower is the greatest of gifts, but must remember, flower must send singular. Chocolate is universal gift, value needn't too high, should be "that counts. Chinese if give relatives and friends to bring a gift, wood set of dolls are preferred. Wood of doll also called "matvey, liao assorted card", is small to large layer sets up. Shawl, wood products, uniforms, the military kettle, mementoes, crystal products, as well as telescopes, night-vision goggles, craft watches, pocket watch, etc. Large and Russian tea drink. Of Russian of vodka is the best gift.
Folk culture and cuisine
Main articles: Russian traditions, Russian jokes, Russian fairy tales, and Russian cuisine
The Merchant's Wife by Boris Kustodiev, showcasing the Russian tea culture
There are over 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples in Russia.[188] Ethnic Russians with their Slavic Orthodox traditions, Tatars and Bashkirs with their Turkic Muslim culture, Buddhist nomadic Buryats and Kalmyks, Shamanistic peoples of the Extreme North and Siberia, highlanders of the Northern Caucasus, Finno-Ugric peoples of the Russian North West and Volga Region all contribute to the cultural diversity of the country.
Handicraft, like Dymkovo toy, khokhloma, gzhel and palekh miniature represent an important aspect of Russian folk culture. Ethnic Russian clothes include kaftan, kosovorotka and ushanka for men, sarafan and kokoshnik for women, with lapti and valenki as common shoes. The clothes of Cossacks from Southern Russia include burka and papaha, which they share with the peoples of the Northern Caucasus.
Russian cuisine widely uses fish, poultry, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provide the ingredients for various breads, pancakes and cereals, as well as for kvass, beer and vodka drinks. Black bread is rather popular in Russia, compared to the rest of the world. Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka and okroshka. Smetana (a heavy sour cream) is often added to soups and salads. Pirozhki, blini and syrniki are native types of pancakes. Chicken Kiev, pelmeni and shashlyk are popular meat dishes, the last two being of Tatar and Caucasus origin respectively. Other meat dishes include stuffed cabbage rolls (golubtsy) usually filled with meat.[228] Salads include Russian salad, vinaigrette and Dressed Herring.
Russia's large number of ethnic groups have distinctive traditions of folk music. Typical ethnic Russian musical instruments are gusli, balalaika, zhaleika and garmoshka. Folk music had great influence on Russian classical composers, and in modern times it is a source of inspiration for a number of popular folk bands, including Melnitsa. Russian folk songs, as well as patriotic Soviet songs, constitute the bulk of repertoire of the world-renown Red Army choir and other popular ensembles.
Russians have many traditions, including the washing in banya, a hot steam bath somewhat similar to sauna.[47] Old Russian folklore takes its roots in the pagan Slavic religion. Many Russian fairy tales and epic bylinas were adaptated for animation films, or for feature movies by the prominent directors like Aleksandr Ptushko (Ilya Muromets, Sadko) and Aleksandr Rou (Morozko, Vasilisa the Beautiful). Russian poets, including Pyotr Yershov and Leonid Filatov, made a number of well-known poetical interpretations of the classical fairy tales, and in some cases, like that of Alexander Pushkin, also created fully original fairy tale poems of great popularity.
Main article: Tourism in Russia
Grand Cascade in Peterhof, a popular tourist destination in Saint Petersburg
Tourism in Russia has seen rapid growth since the late Soviet times, first domestic tourism and then international tourism, fueled by the rich cultural heritage and great natural variety of the country. Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of ancient cities, cruises on the big rivers like the Volga, and long journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway.
The most visited destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and the former capitals of the country. Recognized as World Cities, they feature such world-renown museums as Tretyakov Gallery and Hermitage, famous theaters like Bolshoi and Mariinsky, ornate churches like Saint Basil's Cathedral, Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Saint Isaac's Cathedral and Church of the Savior on Blood, impressive fortifications like Moscow Kremlin and Peter and Paul Fortress, beautiful squares and streets like Red Square, Palace Square, Tverskaya Street and Nevsky Prospect. Rich palaces and parks are found in the former imperial residences in suburbs of Moscow (Kolomenskoye, Tsaritsyno) and St Petersburg (Peterhof, Strelna, Oranienbaum, Gatchina, Pavlovsk and Tsarskoye Selo). Moscow displays the Soviet architecture at its best, along with modern skyscrapers, while St Petersburg, nicknamed Venice of the North, boasts of its classical architecture, many rivers, channels and bridges. Matryoshka doll taken apart
Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, shows a mix of Christian Russian and Muslim Tatar cultures. The city has registered a brand The Third Capital of Russia, though a number of other major cities compete for this status, including Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod.
Typical Russian souvenirs include matryoshka doll and other handicrafts, samovars for water heating, ushanka and papaha warm hats, and fur clothes. Russian vodka and caviar are among the food that attracts foreigners.
The warm subtropical Black Sea coast of Russia is the site for a number of popular sea resorts, like Sochi, the follow-up host of the 2014 Winter Olympics. The mountains of the Northern Caucasus contain popular ski resorts, including Dombay. The most famous natural destination in Russia is Lake Baikal, the Blue Eye of Siberia. This unique lake, oldest and deepest in the world,[123] has crystal-clean waters and is surrounded by taiga-covered mountains. Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers, Karelia with its lakes and granite rocks, the snowy Altai Mountains, and the wild steppes of Tyva.
Main article: Religion in Russia
The Temple of All Religions in Kazan
Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Buddhism are Russia’s traditional religions, and are all legally a part of Russia's "historical heritage".[208] The Russian Orthodox Church was the country's state religion prior to the Revolution and remains the largest religious body in the country. Estimates of believers widely fluctuate among sources.
Easter is the most popular religious festival in Russia, celebrated by more than 90% of all Russian citizens, including large numbers of non-religious. According to one source, more than three-quarters of the Russian population celebrate Easter by making traditional Easter cakes, coloured eggs and paskha.[209]
Traced back to the Christianization of Kievan Rus' in the 10th century, Russian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in the country; approximately 100 million citizens consider themselves Russian Orthodox Christians.[210] 95% of the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox Church while there are a number of smaller Orthodox Churches.[211] However, the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend church on a regular basis. Smaller Christian denominations such as Catholics, Armenian Gregorians, and various Protestant churches also exist.
Estimates of the number of Muslims in Russia range from 7–9 million by local sources to 15–20 million by Western and Islamic sources.[212] There are approximately 3 to 4 million temporary Muslim migrants from the post-Soviet states.[213] Most Muslims live in the Volga-Ural region, as well as in the Caucasus, Moscow, St. Petersburg and Western Siberia.[214]
Buddhism is traditional for three regions of the Russian Federation: Buryatia, Tuva, and Kalmykia. Some residents of the Siberian and Far Eastern regions, such as Yakutia and Chukotka, practice shamanist, pantheistic, and pagan rites, along with the major religions. Induction into religion takes place primarily along ethnic lines. Slavs are overwhelmingly Orthodox Christian, Turkic speakers are predominantly Muslim, and Mongolic peoples are Buddhists.[215]
Various reports put the number of non-religious in Russia at between 16–48% of the population.[216]