英语简单句并列句复合句及练习
英语简单句、并列句、复合句及练习
一、简单句
1、概述
只有一个主语和一个谓语动词的句子称为简单句。
I am a student.我是一个学生。
She likes English very much.她非常喜欢英语。
He usually does morning exercises on the playground.他常常在操场上做早操。
2、简单句的基本句型
英语简单句可分为五种基本句型，其它的句子可看成是这几种基本句型的扩展、组合、倒装、省略。这五个基本句式：主谓结构（S + V）；主系表结构（S + V + P ）；主谓宾结构（S + V + O ）；主谓双宾结构（S + V + IO + DO）；主谓宾补结构（S + V + O + C）
说明：S=主语；V=谓语；P=表语；O=宾语；IO=间接宾语；DO=直接宾语；C=宾语补足语
（1）主谓结构（S + V）
在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi．)。
He runs quickly．他跑得快。
They listened carefully．他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger．他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world country．中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given out．煤气用完了。
My ink has run out．我的钢笔水用完了。
Plants grow well all the year round.一年四季植物生长良好。
（2）主系表结构（S + V + P ）
在此句式中，V是系动词(link v．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still，become，turn等。
He is older than he looks．他比看上去要老。
He seems interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting．这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard．书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice．饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nice．花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before．你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill．他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still．他静静地站着。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up．他长大后当了教师。
He could never turn traitor to his country．他永远不会背叛他的祖国。
注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词，可构成SVO句式。
He looked me up and down．他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant．他伸出手来摸象。
They are tasting the fish．他们在品尝鱼。
They grow rice in their hometown．他们在家乡种水稻。
He's got a chair to sit on．他有椅子坐。
Please turn the sentence into English．请把这个句于译成英语。
（3）主谓宾结构（S + V + O ）
在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt．)，因此有宾语。
I saw a film yesterday．我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the story?你读过这个故事吗?
They found their home easily．他们很容易地找到他们的家。
They built a house last year．他们去年建了一所房子。
They've put up a factory in the village．他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the children．他们把这些孩子照看得很好。
You should look after your children well．你应该好好照看你的孩子。
（4）主谓双宾结构（S + V + IO + DO）
在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。
①简接宾语可以紧接动词之后，也可以用to后置。
He gave me a book/a book to me．他给了我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me．他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me．他把座位让给我。
②简接宾语可以紧接动词之后，也可以用for后置
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me．他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me．请帮我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me．他问我个问题。
③简接宾语不能紧接动词之后，要用介词后置
They robbed the old man of his money．他们抢了老人的钱。
He's warned me of the danger.他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease．医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of the rats．我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak．他们剥夺了他说话的权利。
（5）主谓宾补结构（S + V + O + C）
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多，哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补，须根据动词的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。
They made the girl angry．他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day．他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out．我发现他出去了。
I saw him in．我见他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand．他们在沙地上发现了一个脚印。
They named the boy Charlie．他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out．我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast．他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now．我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He found the door of study closed to him．他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。
3、There be 句型（详参There be 结构一章）
There be 结构是一个重要的基本句型，它由 “There + be + 主语+ 壮语“构成。
There is a book on the desk.桌子上有一本书。
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.屋子里有一张桌子两把椅子。
二、并列句
1、概述
由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子称为并列句(compound sentence)。并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立，互不依从，但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系。
并列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号，也可不用逗号（但however、therefore、otherwise等并列连词前后都常有逗号）。常见的并列句结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。这种简单句常被叫做分句。
I help him and he helps me.我帮助他，他帮助我。（并列连词是and）
This is our first lesson, so I don't know all your names. 这是我们的第一堂课，因此我不知道大家的名字。(并列连词so前有逗号）
She likes bread and milk, but she doesn't like eggs at all. 她喜欢面包和牛奶，但她一点也不喜欢鸡蛋。（并列连词是but）
You can draw a good horse in five minutes, yet you kept me waiting for a year.你能在五分钟之内画好一匹马，然而你却让我等了一年。（并列连词是yet）
Hurry up, or you'll be late. 快点，否则你就会迟到。（并列连词是or）
One was filled with kerosene, one with castor oil and one with vinegar.一个（瓶子）装满煤
油，一个（瓶子）装满蓖麻油，还有一个（瓶子）装满醋。（此句由3个分句组成，并列连词是and）
2、并列连词
并列连词（或连接副词）根据不同含义，分为如下几类：
（1）表示连接，常用的有and、not only...but also、neither...nor等。
Right now it's the summer vacation and I'm helping my dad on the farm.眼下正是暑假期间，我帮助爸爸在农场里干活。 Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend. 他不仅是我们的老师，而且是我们的朋友。 Neither did the naughty boy go home nor did his parents come to search for him. 这调皮的男孩既不回家，他的父母也不寻找他。
（2）表示转折，常用的有but、yet、sill、however、while等。
We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.在美国的南方，我们种植稻谷，而在较冷的北方，人们种植小麦。
The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months, yet he couldn't find any work. 这个工人在纽约找工作己有几个月之久，但是仍然没有找到。
Certainly he apologized, however, I won't forgive him. 他的确道歉了，然而我不会原谅他。 Instead, he asked his father why he was not able to hatch chickens while hens could. 他反问他父亲，为什么他不能孵出小鸡，而母鸡却能。
（3）表示选择，常用的有or、or else、otherwise、otherwise、either...or等。
They must be taken away from the heat of the fire, or they might get burnt. 他们必须从炉火边拿走，不然就有可能烤糊的。
Take this bus or else you won't get there in time.搭这辆公共汽车吧，否则你将无法及时到达那里。
Work hard, otherwise you'll be sorry. 努力用功，否则你会后悔。
Either you are mad or I am. 不是你疯了，就是我疯了。
（4）表示原因，只有for一个词。
They had often heard of elephants, but they had never seen one , for being blind, how could they? 他们常常听说过大象，但从来没看到过，因为他们是瞎子，怎么能看到呢？
（5）表示结果，常用的有so、therefore。
It's time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 这是一年中收割稻谷的时期，因此，我每天都从早到晚的劳动。
He worked day and night, therefore, he was able to buy the sports car. 他日夜工作，所以有能力买那辆跑车。
（6）并列复合句
除以上简单的并列句之外，还有一种较复杂的并列句，叫做并列复合句(compound complex sentence)，即其中的一个分句可包含一个以上从句。
I sucked a finger, but the finger I put into my mouth was not the one I had dipped into the cup. 我吮吸了手指，但是我放进嘴里的指头不是我在杯子里蘸了一下的那个指头。
这句话中的第二个分句即含有定语从句I put into my mouth及I had dipped into the cup。在语言的实际运用中，可能会有更加复杂的并列句，如并列句可有更多的分句，分句里可能有一个以上的从句，从句里可能又有从句。但读者只要掌握了各种句子的结构，不管句子多么复杂，自会迎刃而解。
三、复合句
1、概述
复合句(complex sentence)由一个主句(main clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(subordinate clause)
构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。 After the students were all in the chemistry lab, the teacher brought out three bottles.在学生全都进入化学实验室后，老师拿出三个瓶子来。（主句是“the teacher brought out three bottles”，从句是“After the students were all in the chemistry lab”。）
Corn is a very useful plant that can be prepared in many different ways.玉米是一种非常有用的作物，可用许多不同的方法制作成食物。（主句是“Corn is a very useful plant”，从句是“that can be prepared in many different ways”。）
We also believe that many more people will prefer to travel by air.我们还认为会有更多的人愿意乘飞机旅行。（主句是“We also believe”但意义不完整，从句是“that many more people will prefer to travel by air”。）
2、从句的基本概念及其结构
从句不能独立成为一个句子，虽然它也有主语部分和谓语部分。从句通常由关联词引导，并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。从句的结构通常是：关联词+主语+谓语。
When I came home， my wife was cooking dinner. 我回家时，妻子在做晚饭。
He said that he would come. 他说他要来
Did you see the letter that I sent him? 你看到我寄给他的信了吗？ Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。
3、关联词（connective)
引导从句的关联词共有下列5类：
（1）从属连词：that（无词义），before（在„前），whether（是否），after（在„之后），if（假如、是否），since（既然、自从）, because（因为），as/so long as（只要），when（当时„候），so that（结果）
（2）疑问代词：who, which, whom, what, whose等。
（3）疑问副词：when, why, where, how
（4）关系代词：who, which, whom, that, whose
（5）关系副词：when, why, where
4、关联词在从句中的功用举例
We can't travel through the forest by road because there aren't any roads! 我们不能从陆路穿过森林，因为这儿根本没有路可走！（关联词是从属连词because，引导状语从句）
I think that it's wrong to eat monkeys, so I don't.我认为吃猴子是不对的，所以我不吃。（关联词是从属连词that，引导宾语从句，在从句中不作成分）
Anybody who breaks the rule is punished. 谁要是破坏了这条规则，谁就要受到惩罚。（关联词是关系代词who，引导定语从句，在从句中作主语） Although it was expensive, we decided to buy the computer.虽然价钱昂贵，我们还是决定把计算机买下来。（关联词是从属连词although，引导状语从句）
Would you please let me know when you have a match?你们有比赛的时候，请告诉我好吗？（关联词是疑问副词when，引导宾语从句，在从句中作状语） What we need is more time.我们需要的是更多的时间。（关联词是疑问代词what，引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语）
5、从句的功用和种类
从句在复合句中，可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等，因此，可分为六类：即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，
长3830米。（含有which引导的定语从句）
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.当11层楼起火的时候，大楼内有500人在工作。（含有when引导的时间状语从句）
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page. 由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（含有which引导的宾语从句） Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。（含有whether引导的主语从句）
That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（含有where引导的表语从句）
We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（含有that引导的同位语从句）
四、点击考点 1.It's a fine day.Let's go fishing, ?
A.won't we B.will we C.don't we D.shall we 2.Don't smoke in the classroom, ?
A.do you B.will you C.can you D.could you 3.He seldom has lunch at school, ?
A.hasn't he B.has he C.doesn't he D.does he 4.We had to read the first lesson, we?
A.didn't B.shouldn't C.don't D.weren't 5.You have John do the work, ?
A.do you B.don't you C.haven't you D.have you 6.Let us have a look, ?
A.will you B.would you C.won't you D.wouldn't you 7.Nobody came, ?
A.did he B.didn't he C.didn't they D.did they 8.You ought to wait for Joan, ?
A.oughtn't you B.shouldn't you C.don't you D.won't you 9.We had better wait for your girl friend Juliet, ?
A.hadn't we B.don't we C.didn't we D.shan't we 10.There is someone at the door, ?
A. isn't there B.is there C.isn't he D.is it
11.-I'm hungry. -I'd like a sandwich, ?
A.would you B.do you C.couldn't you D.don't you
12.-Frank is up late working again. -This is the third time this week he's had to study late, ?
A.isn't it B.hasn't he C.isn't he D.hasn't it 13.You and I did it together, ?
A.didn't you B.didn't I C.didn't we D.did you 14.They should have finished it already, ?
A.shouldn't they B.haven't they C.have they D.should they 15.She may do it if she wants to , ?
A.mayn't she B.doesn't she C.shan't she D.won't she 16.You must have told Mr.A the secret , ?
A.haven't you B.have you C.mustn't you D.must you 17.She dislikes this skirt, ?
A.doesn't she B.does she C.isn't she D.is she 18.Wang said that he was not there then, ?
A.did he B.didn't he C.was he D.wasn't he 19.I suppose he is serious, ?
A.do I B.don't I C.is he D.isn't he 20.He's finished the work, ?
A.isn't he B.doesn't he C.hasn' the D.wasn't he
21.-You aren't an actress, are you? - .
A.Yes, I am not B.No, I am C.Yes, I wasn’t D.No, but I was
22.-How are your parents? - .
A.They are drivers B.They like watching TV
C.They are fifty D.They are fine. Thank you 23.- is your brother?
-He is a teacher in a middle school.
A.What B.Who C.Which D.Where 24.- will you get married to him?
-In two weeks.
A.How long B.How soon C.How often D.How many 25.Have you ever seen as clever as he?
A.a person B.such person C.person D.an person
26.A.All that glitters is not gold. B. All is not gold that glitters.
C. None is gold that glitters. D. Not all gold glitters. The correct answers are .
A. A, C B. B, C C. C, D D. A, B 27.She set out soon after dark home an hour later.
A.arriving B.to arrive C.having arrived D.and arrived 28.My name is Robert, most of my friends call me Bob for short.
A.then B.instead C.however D.but
29.-Did you hear about the fire down the street? -There a lot of news about it on TV last night.
A.was B.had C.is D.were 30.There a table,two computers and three chairs in the room.
A.have B.has C.is D.are 31.There two films this week in our school.
A.is B.have C.has been D.have been 32.There used to be a temple here, ?
A.usedn't it B.used there C.did't it D.didn't there 33.There a tall tree at the foot of the mountain.
A.lie B.has C.stand D.stands 34.There nobody in the room.
A.to be B.happened C.happened to be D.happened be 35.There a meeting tonight.
A.is going to be B.is going to have C.is going to D.is going be
答案1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.A 11.A 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.A 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.D 20.C
21.D 22.D 23.A 24.B 25.A 26.D 27.D 28.D 29.A 30.C 31.D 32.D 33.D 34.C 35.A