合理用药案例分析(36)高血压
天津药学Ti孤jin
Pharmacy
2009年第2l卷第4期
药学英语园地
Casesanalysisofrational
use
of
medicine(36)
Hypertension
1.Patientsconditions
Patient,male、aged65、hadhypertensionfor5years.Bpstayed150~160/85~90mmHg.Diagnosis:Isolatedsystolichypertensionwithleftventricularhypertrophy.2.Drugadministration
AmlodipinebesylateTab
10mgqd×7HydrochlomthiazideTab
25mg
bid×7
3.Patientsstatefollowingdrugs
use
Patient
7s
Bpdropped
to140/80
mmHg
after
oneweek"sdrugtreatment.Patienthadlight—headedness,
palpitationandweakness.4.Analysis
(1)Hypertension
isdefined
as
blood
pressure(Bp)
≥140/90mmHgandassociatedwithincreasedmorbidityandmortalityofeardio・-cerebraland
renalcomplica--
tions.There
can
no
longerbeanydoubtthattreatinghy—pertensionreducesmostofthecardio—-cerebralvascular
and
renalcomplicationsattributableto
an
elevatedbloodpressure・
(2)Isolatedsystolic
hypertension(systolicpressure
≥160mmHg,diastolicpressure<90mmHg,suchasthis
case)occurs
primarily
inthe
elderly,andis
an
estab-
lished
risk
factorforcerebrovascular
disease,ischemic
heartdiseaseandcongestiveheartfailure.Thedatafrommultipleclinicaltrialshaveproventhatreductionofsys・tolicBpto<160
mmHgis
a
reasonable
goal,buthy-
poperfusionofvitalorgansmaylimiteffortstonormalizesystolicBp.MaintainingthelowerBpcompatiblewithpa—tientsafety
andtolerance
to
minimizetherisksofhyper-tensivecomplicationsisrealobjective.
(3)Inviewofthegreaterprevalenceoftargetorgan
damageandothercardiovascularriskfactorsinolderpa-
clinicianmustbeespeciallycarefulnottoag—gravatetheseconditions
and
shouldselectagentsthat
can
a
comorbidcondition.
Calciumchannel
blockers(CCB)show
a
safe
antihy-
effectswithconfirmedmonotherapyresponse.
drugsarerarelyassociatedwitIIabnormalitiesinelec.
万方数据
trolyte,carbohydrateandlipidmetabolismandusefulin
hypertensivepatientswith
a
widevarietyofconcomitant
conditions,suchasischemicheart
disease,peripheral
vas—cularinsufficiency,asthma,diabetesmellitus,chronic
re—
naldisease,hypertrophiccardiomyopathy,leftventricular
hypertrophy,supraventriculararrhythmia,orvariantansi-
na.Some,suchasamlodipine,felodipine,controHed—re-leasepreparationofnifedipine,have
an
advantagetode-
crease
incidenceofischemiecerebralapoplexy
and
tore—
verseleftventricularhypertrophy.ney
axe
indicatedfor
treatmentofelderly
hypertensive
patients.
Thiazidediureticsandchlorthalidonearealmosta1.
theinitialdrugsusedintreatingforelderlypatients.
areespeciallyeffective
antihypertensiveagents
in
patientgroup:particularlyblacks,theeldedyandtheobese.Inaddition,diureticsare
oftenhelpfulincom-
withotherantihypertensiveagents,eitherwhen
latter
are
not
completelyeffectiveasmonotherapy
or
thepatientwithedema.
Leftventricularhypertrophyismuchmore
commonolder
hypertensivepatientsthaninthoseless
than60
ofage.Allclassesofantihypertensivesreduceleft
massanequivalentamount,withdiureticsper-
beingthebest.
(4)Inthiscase,thecombinationoftwodrugsis
en-
intreatingthedisease.However,theadveme
appearedon
thepatientafter
a
few
day,streat—is
over—antihypertensive.The
elderly
often
drugs
differentlyfromyoungerindividualsbe—
ofalterationsinhepaticbloodflow
andrenalfune—
withaging,drugtherapyshould
be
instituted
Call—
at
smaller—than—usual
doses.Itis
apparentthatlowerdosagesofthethiazides
than
originallyusedareappropriate.Abeginningdoseof
mgand
a
maximumdoseof25mghydro—
forantihypertensivetreatmentismoread—
antihypertensiveprocess
should
beavoi—
waysTheycertainbinationtheininyearsventrieularhapseouragedeffectsment,thatmetabolizecause
tiontiously,beginningnow
tients,thetreat
those6.25—12.5chlorothiazidevisable.Sharpded.
pertensiveThe
78
天津药学Ti柚jin
Pharmacy
2009年第21卷第4期
合理用药案例分析(36)
高血压
1.患者简介
患者,男性,65岁,高血压5年,血压一直波动在
150—160/85—90
钙通道阻滞剂有安全的降压效果,单药治疗降压可靠,几乎不影响电解质、碳水化合物及脂肪代谢,并可用于伴有多种并发症,如缺血性心脏病,外周血管供血不足、哮喘、糖尿病、慢性肾病、肥厚性心肌病、左心肥大、室上性心律不齐、变异性心绞痛等的高血压
mg
1/d×72/d×7
mmHg。诊断为单纯收缩期高血压
伴左心室肥厚。2.用药
苯磺酸氨氯地平片10氢氯噻嗪片3.患者用药后状况
患者用药1周后血压降至140/80mmHg头昏目眩,心悸,无力。4.分析
(1)血压等于或大于140/90mmHg定为高血压,持续血压升高可增加心脑及肾病并发症的发病率及病死率,治疗高血压无疑会降低大多因血压升高所致的上述并发症。
(2)单纯收缩期高血压(如本例所见,收缩压≥
160
患者。其中如氨氯地平、非洛地平、硝苯地平控释制剂,其优点可降低缺血性脑卒中发病率,逆转左心肥厚,适合于老年高血压的治疗。
噻嗪类利尿剂及氯噻酮常做为治疗老年高血压的首选药。在某些患病人群,如黑色人种、老年人及肥胖者尤为有效。此外,利尿剂常与其他抗高血压药联合应用,以弥补后者的不足,或用于伴水肿的高在压患者。
60岁以上老年高血压患者与60岁以下者相比,左心肥厚更为常见,所有抗高血压药降低左心质量相差无几,可能利尿剂最优。
(4)钙拮抗剂与利尿剂二者联合用于本例的老年单纯收缩性高血压治疗处方合理,但用药1周后患者出现一些降压过度的不良表现。老年患者与年青人不同,随年龄增长其肝脏血流及肾脏功能减弱,药物应用应慎重,开始低于常量。因此,噻嗪类利尿剂的较小剂量比原先所用的剂量更为合适。对于氢氯噻嗪,开始应用6.25一12.5mg/d,最大用至25降血压效果更好,而且降压不应操之过急。
杜金山编写叶咏年审校
mg/d
25mg
mmHg,舒张压<90mmHg),常发生于老年患者,
mm.
公认为脑血管病,缺血性心脏病及充血性心衰的危险因素。多方临床资料证实应把收缩压降至160Hg以下,但又不能力图把收缩压降至正常,导致重要脏器灌注不足。真正需要的是,把血压降至较低水平使患者更安全,更易耐受,最大程度地减少高血压并发症的风险。
(3)考虑到老年患者多有靶器官损害,及其他一些心血管危险因素,做为临床医生尤为慎重避免上述情况的不利因素,所用药物也应利于多种病态的有益转归。
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