交易净利润法下的利润率指标解释及适用情形分析

张学斌

《特别纳税调整实施办法》第二十六条规定：交易净利润法以可比非关联交易的利润率指标确定关联交易的净利润。利润率指标包括资产收益率、销售利润率、完全成本加成率、贝里比率等。但是《办法》中并没有对各个利润指标进行详细的解释。

Article 26 of Implementation Regulations for Special Tax Adjustments (Trial) stipulated: Transactional net margin method(TNMM) refers to the methodology where the profit-level indicators of comparable unrelated party transactions are used to determine the net operating margin of the related party transaction. The profit level indicators(PLI) includes return on assets ("ROA"), return on sales, net cost plus margin, Berry Ratio, etc. But didn’t interpret every PLI in detail

交易净利润法下的四个利润率指标的计算公式如下表1：

表1：四个利润指标的计算公式

Table 1: The Formula of PLI

利润率指标PLI

计算公式Formula

资产收益率Return on Assets(ROA)

营业利润÷营运资产

Operating Profits/Operating Assets

销售利润率Operating Margin

营业利润÷营业收入

Operating Profits/Net Sales

完全成本加成率

Net Cost Plus Margin

营业利润÷（营业成本＋营运费用）

Operating Profits/Total Costs

贝里比率Berry Ratio

毛利润÷营运费用

Gross Profits/Operating Expenses

计算公式中各个财务指标的口径分别如下表2：

表2：计算公式中财务指标的口径

Table 2: The statement of financial indicators in the formula

指标名称Name of Indicator

指标口径

Statement of Indicator

营业收入Net Sales

是按会计准则进行确认和计量并扣除销售折扣和折让后的净销售额。It is net of discounts and returns and is calculated using accounting standard

营业利润Operating Profits

是毛利润减去运营费用后的余额，不包括利息、股息和红利、特别收益及与企业持续经营无关的损失的金额。

It means gross profit less Operating Expenses, excludes interest and dividends and extraordinary gains and losses that do not relate to the continuing operations.

营运费用Operating Expenses

是除销售成本、利息费用、所得税外的费用，通常包括广告、推广、销售、市场、仓储、分销、管理和固定的折旧和摊销等费用。

It includes all expenses not included in cost of goods sold except interest expense and income taxes. It ordinarily includes advertising, promotion, sales expenses, marketing, warehouse and distribution, administration, and a reasonable allowance for depreciation and amortization.

毛利润Gross profits

是营业收入减去营业成本后的余额。

It means net sales less cost of goods sold.

营运资产

是企业营业活动中的所有资产，通常包括固定资产和流动资产，但是不包括股权投资、盈余资金以及证券投资。营运资产可以用其账面净值或公允价值计量，此外，应考虑企业最近的兼并、租赁资产、无形资产、通货膨胀以及在企业财务报表中不明确的记录对营运资产的影响。营运资产一般采用年初加年末的平均值.

It means the value of all assets used in the relevant business activity of the tested party, including fixed assets and current assets（such as cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and inventories）.It does not include investments in subsidiaries, excess cash, and portfolio investments. It may be measured by their net book value or by their fair market value. In addition, it may be necessary to take into account recent acquisitions, leased assets, intangibles, currency fluctuations, and other items that may not be explicitly recorded in the financial statements of the tested party or uncontrolled comparable. It must be measured by the average of the values for the beginning of the year and the end of the year, unless substantial fluctuations in the value of operating assets during the year make this an inaccurate measure of the average value over the year.

备注：由于在 OSIRIS 数据库中很难确定常规营运资本需求外的“盈余资金”的数额，因此，在计算营运资产收益率时，一般将现金及现金等价物作为 “盈余资金”从营运资产中剔除。

特别注意Special Attentions：

1、以上计算公式中各个财务指标的口径最为重要的是被测试方与非受控的可比方保持一致；

Above noted formulas of every financial indicator, it is the most importantly that it is consistent with between the statement of the tested party and uncontrolled comparables.

2、在OSIRIS数据库中的利润表的格式与我国会计准则利润表中格式和一些项目表述的差异，如主营业务成、营业税金及附加和其他业务利润等。

There are differences between income statement formats and some items expression in the database OSIRIS and in china accounting standards, such as cost of sales, sales tax and other operating profit, etc.

各个利润率指标的适应情形如下表3

表3：各个利润率指标适应情形

Tabel 3: Every PLI often used to test

利润率指标PLI

适用测试的情形Often Used to Test

资产收益率Return on Assets(ROA)

生产制造商Manufacturers

销售利润率Operating Margin

分销商Distributors

完全成本加成率

Net Cost Plus Margin

服务提供商及合约制造商Service providers and contract manufacturers

贝里比率Berry Ratio

有限风险或低功能的分销商Limited risk or low-s distributors