从园林城市到森林城市

　　生态环境的好坏是体现一个城市现代化的重要指标之一。

　　1997年6月,中共山东省委提出了“济南五年大变样”的要求,给济南的城市绿化创造了空前的发展机遇。济南紧紧抓住了这个机遇,在全市广泛开展了以提高城市绿化覆盖率、改善生态环境、创建园林城市为宗旨的、声势浩大的造绿工程。

　　奋斗4年后的2001年12月,济南城市绿化覆盖率、绿地率和人均公共绿地面积分别达到37.6%、32.15%和7.55平方米,均超出国家规定的基本指标数据,初步形成山、泉、湖、河、城相结合,生态环境良好的现代化花园城市。12月16日,济南被命名为“国家园林城市”。

　　而到2009年年底的时候,济南城市建成区绿化覆盖率、绿地率和人均公共绿地分别达到38.5%、33.3%和11平方米,建成绿地分布合理、植物多样、景观优美、特色突出、人与自然和谐相处的良好城市生态环境。

　　同时,济南市也已初步具备了创建国家森林城市的其他条件。

　　目前济南市有林地面积、林木蓄积量、农田林网化面积、森林覆盖率大幅提高,分别达到270万亩、880万立方米、269万亩和28.9%,初步构建起以山区、平原、水系为主要骨架的林业生态体系。济南市丰富多样的地形地貌,兼具山、泉、湖、河独特的自然环境,适宜发展林业的气候、土壤、水文等自然条件,造就了丰富的动植物资源和生物多样性,为城市森林建设奠定了良好的基础条件。

　　通过大力实施荒山绿化、平原绿化、绿色通道、退耕还林等一系列重点工程,济南市已荣获国家级园林城市称号,泉城的知名度、美誉度进一步提升。

　　济南推进林业产业结构调整,大力发展特色林果、种苗花卉、森林旅游、林下种养等现代林业产业,2009年全市林业总产值达到37亿元,建成特色林果基地44处,林业龙头企业44家,林业行业协会、合作社50个,林业产业已成为拉动农民增收致富新的增长点。

　　济南以自然保护区、湿地、森林公园、国有林场为依托,积极开展生态文化主题公园、生态示范教育基地建设,建成市级以上森林公园14处、森林生态类型自然保护区2处。以举办全运会和园博会为契机,全力打好防治美国白蛾、森林防火攻坚战役,广泛开展全民义务植树以及“绿飘带”等活动,森林是“城市之肺”的观念得到广大市民的广泛认同。

　　济南的目标是:计划用5至8年时间,全市新增有林地面积100万亩,森林覆盖率达到35%以上。山区森林覆盖率达到60%以上,丘陵区达到40%以上,平原区达到20%以上。中心城主城区绿化覆盖率达到38%以上,县城建成区绿化覆盖率达到35%以上。规划期为8年,分两期建设。即2010到2015年,基本完成城市森林建设目标,建成国家森林城市;2016到2017年,进一步完善提高城市森林建设水平。

　　依据《国家森林城市评价指标》,济南市结合实际,重点规划了十大创建工程。

　　中心城主城区利用公园、单位闲置地、社区隙地和街区空地,以及城市主干道路和环城道路,见缝插绿,植树美化;通过城市立体绿化和立面绿化,增加市区绿化覆盖和绿化面积。通过围村林、村镇绿化和景观节点建设,全面提升城镇和乡村绿化水平。

　　通过荒山造林、退耕还林、疏林改造和森林经营,增加森林资源,提高泉水涵养补给能力,保障泉水持续喷涌,促进山区经济社会协调发展。

　　通过防风固沙林、用材林和农田林网建设,形成城区北部防御风沙屏障,有效控制风沙危害,实现林茂粮丰。力争完成重点风沙区治理任务10万亩,新建农田林网60万亩,完善25万亩。

　　在河流、水库和湖泊周边植树造林,实现绿化、美化,提升环境承载能力,保障水系生态安全。主要包括南水北调输水干线林带、河流林带、湖泊林带、水库林带等水系生态绿化任务。创建期间完成水系宜林地绿化22万亩。

　　在黄河沿岸地区、低洼滞洪区、水库、河道和湖泊周边,建设湿地保护区和湿地公园,恢复和保护现有湿地资源,维护湿地生态平衡,保护生物多样性。规划湿地恢复与保护建设项目10个,即平阴玫瑰湖湿地、商河大沙河湿地、济西湿地、天桥鹊山龙湖湿地、章丘白云湖湿地、华山水景园湿地、遥墙莲藕景观园湿地、济阳澄波湖湿地、济南三川湿地和黄河湿地生态功能保护区,湿地保护率达到65%。

　　前几年,济南已对破损山体进行了综合整治。创建期间将加大治理力度,确保完成破损山体治理任务30座,治理面积226万平方米。

　　完善高速公路、国道、省道、县乡道路和铁路绿色通道,提升道路景观效果。按照国道、省道、高速公路和铁路优先的原则进行建设,道路绿化率达到80%以上。

　　依托风景名胜、独特地形地貌、现有林场和规模林区,建设森林公园。依托湿地资源和典型森林生态系统建设自然保护区。在创建中,新建森林公园12处,森林生态类型自然保护区2处。

　　建设市级现代林业科技示范园,带动县(市)区林业园区建设,促进现代林业发展。在高新区规划建设集林业科研、生产、示范、休闲观光于一体的市级现代林业示范园1处,规划面积1.1万亩,其中一期工程面积0.3万亩,辐射带动全市林业园区建设。

　　大力发展干鲜果品、林木种苗花卉、速生丰产林基地,促进林下经济、林产品加工、森林旅游等产业发展。完成退耕还林25万亩,新建林木种苗花卉基地4万亩。

　　到那时,济南又将发生翻天覆地的变化,建成南北呼应、东西贯通、点面融合、城乡一体的森林生态体系。森林城市的建设,必将推动济南现代化的全面发展。

　　

　　如今的济南,已基本建成绿地分布合理、植物多样、景观优美、特色突出的生态园林城市。而2010年1月底,济南又召开了全市林业工作暨创建国家森林城市动员大会,提出“让森林走进城市,让城市拥抱森林”。计划用5至8年时间,将济南建设成为国家森林城市和宜居宜业的现代化省会城市,通过“一核、两区、三带、四极”的总体布局以及相关行动,建设“林在城中、城在林中、生态宜居”的森林泉城。

　　

　　The environment is one of the important indicators in evaluating a city’s degree of modernization. Today’s Jinan presents a natural ecological environment with broad streets lined with green trees, colorful green squares, beautiful courtyards and districts, scattered greenbelts, spring clusters, and so many beautiful landscapes of mountains and lakes. Jinan has now basically been established into an ecological garden city with rationally distributed greenbelts, varied plants, beautiful landscapes and unique features.

　　At the end of January 2010, the Jinan Municipal Forestry Conference on Establishing the National Forestry City was held, during which the subject of “planting trees in the city and surrounding the city with forest” was put forward. It is planned to build Jinan into a National Forest City and a modern capital city that is suitable for living and industry in 5 to 8 years. Through an overall layout of “one core (central city), two zones (ecological function reserve in south and preservation zone against sand storms in north), three belts (round-the-city scenery zone, water system protective belt and road greenbelt), four poles (four built up areas in the county towns of Zhangqiu, Pingyin, Jiyang and Shanghe)”, and other relevant steps, it is planned to build a Forest City of Springs with “forest in the city, city in the forest, and an ecological and livable city”. Therefore, Jinan is now in an era of transition from a garden city to a forest city.

　　The garden city is an important symbol, which illustrates that the city infrastructure, landscape quality and environment quality has reached a certain level, and is also an important content and carrier of “civilized city” construction. Through constructions in recent years, Jinan has developed into a modern Garden City of Springs with a pleasant ecological environment by integrating mountains, springs, lakes, rivers and cities. By the end of this year, the green coverage ratio, greening rate per capita and public green space in built up areas of the city will be expected to reach 38.5%, 33.8% and 11 square meters separately. The city will be built into a pleasant city with rationally distributed greenbelts, varied plants, beautiful landscapes, unique features and harmonious coexistence of man and nature.

　　By pursuing “building an ecological city that reflects its long-standing historical culture, unique natural landscape, one full of modern atmosphere and suitable for living and establishing business”, the city, with unprecedented changes in greening, has been built into an ecological garden city integrating mountains, springs, lakes, rivers and cities.

　　The National Forest City means forest vegetation should act as the main part of the ecosystem, urban and rural integration should be realized in city ecological construction, and each construction index should meet the standard and be certified according to regulated procedure. Currently, there are 14 cities including 6 capital cities: Guiyang, Shenyang, Hangzhou etc. and Weihai of Shandong Province that have been awarded the title of “National Forest City”. Over 30 cities including Wuhan, Zhengzhou, Dalian and Qingdao of Shandong Province, etc., are being established.

　　Currently, in addition to the basic formation of an ecological garden city, Jinan possesses the other preliminarily conditions for constructing a National Forest City.