虚拟语气语法
17. 虚拟语气用于虚拟条件句中可以表示:
(1)与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用did(be用were) ,主句谓语动词用would(should, could,might)+do; (2)与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词用had done,主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+ have done;
(3)与将来事实相反,从句谓语动词用did(should+do或were + to do),主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+do。例。
1)If the whole operation ________ beforehand,a great deal of time and money would have been lost.(CET-4,99.6,43)
A.was not planned
B.has not been planned
C.had not been planned
D.were not planned
[译文]要是整个手术当时没有预先计划好的话,大量的时间和金钱就白花了。 [简析]根据主句的谓语形式would have been lost和句意可知,该句为表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句,故从句中谓语形式应为C 。
2.用于省略连词if 的虚拟条件句
在上述用法中,当从句中含有were,had 或should 时,可省略if ,将were,had 或 should移至主语的前面形成倒装。例如:
2)Had he worked harder,he ________ the exams.(CET-4,97.6,42)
A.must have got through
B.would have got through
C.would get through
D.could get through
[译文]他当时要是学习努力点的话,就会通过这些考试了。
[简析]本句从句为省略if ,将had 提前形成倒装的结构,其谓语形式为had done,表示与过去事实相反。据此可知,主句谓语形式应为would +have done,也是表示与过去事实相反。故最佳答案为B 。
3)________ right now,she would get there on Sunday.(CET-4,96.6,42)
A.Would she leave B.If she leaves
C.Were she to move D.If she had left
[译文]她要是马上动身的话,星期天就到那儿了。
[简析]本句为与将来事实相反的虚拟条
件句,从句为省略if 的倒装结构。从句谓语应为were +to do形式,故正确答案为C 。
3.用于错综时间虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句中主、从句所表示的时间并非总是像以上各例那样是一致的。有时,从句表示与过去事实相反,而主句表示与现在事实相反;有时,从句表示与现在事实相反,主句表示与过去事实相反。因此,在选用谓语动词的形式时,应根据主、从句所表示的不同的时间来考虑问题。例如:
4)If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you ________ now.(CET-4,9
9.1,60)
A.wouldn't be smiling
B.couldn't have smiled
C.won't smile
D.didn't smile
[译文]你掉下来时,要不是我在梯子下面把你接住,恐怕你就不会像现在这样笑了。 [简析]该句if 从句中谓语形式表示与过去事实相反,而主句谓语形式从逻辑意义上看应表示与现在事实相反,故应选择A 。请注意句中表示时间的词语:when you fell表示过去的时间;now 表示现在的时间。
4.用于含蓄虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句中表示条件的if 从句常被其它词语取代。这些词语常见的有:but for, provided(that),supposing,without等。有时if 从句的含义还可通过上下文来暗示。因此,虚拟条件句中并非总是有if 从句存在。我们称这种虚拟条件句为含蓄虚拟条件句。例如:
5)Some women ________ a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.(CET-4, 2000.1,70)
A.must make B.should have made
C.would make D.could have made
[译文]如果不是呆在家里,一些妇女本来能得到很高的薪水,但是出于对家庭的考虑,她们才决定不去工作。
[简析]本题中instead of短语暗示了if 从句的含义;but 分句中的谓语动词decided 表明了过去的时间。故应选择表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气谓语形式。could have made意为" 本来能够取得" ,符合题意。故应选D 。
6)We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we ________ him.(CET-4,95.6, 46)
A.would have telephoned
B.must have telephoned
C.would telephone
D.had telephoned
[译文]我们不知道他的电话号码,否则,我们会打电话给他。
[简析]本句为含蓄虚拟条件句,前一分句和副词otherwise 暗示了"If we had known his telephone number"之意,表示与过去事实相反,故第二分句的谓语动词应选用与此相一致的虚拟语气谓语形式,即would +have done形式。因此,正确答案为A 。
二、用于某些名词性从句
虚拟语气用于某些名词性从句中常可表示愿望、建议、要求、请求或命令,其谓语动词形式用"(should +)原形动词" 。
1.用于与某些动词相关的宾语从句和主语从句
要求其后的宾语从句和主语从句用"(should +)原形动词" 型虚拟语气谓语形式的动词常见的有:suggest, order, direct, demand,propose, command, request,desire, insist, advise, beg, decide, deserve, determine, prefer, recommend, require, urge, ask, suppose, move (提议) 等。其基本句型为(以suggest 为例) :I
suggest that...(宾语从句)/It is suggested that...(主语从句) 。例如:
7)As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces,I have directed that all measures ________ for our defence.(CET-4,99.6,62)
A.had been taken B.would be taken
C.be taken D.to be taken
[译文]我作为武装部队的总司令命令采取一切措施进行防御。
[简析]direct(相当于order) 为表示主观要求、提议、命令的词,其后的宾语从句中用"(should +)原形动词" 表示虚拟。故正确答案为C 。
8)It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ________ after 11 o'clock at night.(CET-4,96.1,28)
A.were not played B.not to play
C.not be played D.did not play
[译文]旅馆管理部门恳求客人晚上11点之后不要开收音机。
[简析]request 为表示要求的动词,其后的主语从句中应用"(should +)原形动词" 表示虚拟,否定式直接在原形动词前加not 。故本题答案为C 。
2.用于与某些形容词相关的主语从句和宾语从句
要求位于其后面的主语从句和宾语从句用"(should +)原形动词" 型虚拟语气谓语形式的形容词常见的有:advisable, crucial, essential, imperative, important, incredible, natural, preferable, urgent, vital, best /better 等。其基本句型为(以advisable 为例) :It is advisable that...(主语从句) ;I think it advisable that...(宾语从句) 。例如:
9)It is essential that these application forms back as early as possible.(CET-4, 2000.1,64)
A.must be sent B.will be sent
C.are sent D.be sent
[译文]这些申请表应尽早寄回,这是很重要的。
[简析]由于形容词essential 的要求,that 引导的主语从句中谓语动词应用"(should+)原形动词" 表示虚拟。当谓语动词为被动语态时,用" 原形be+过去分词" 。故正确答案为D 。
10)I don't think it advisable that Tom ________ to the job since he has no experience.(CET-4,97.6,55)
A.is assigned B.will be assigned
C.be assigned D.has been assigned
[译文]汤姆缺乏经验,指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。
[简析]由于形容词advisable ,其后that 引导的宾语从句中谓语动词应用"(should +)原形动词" 表示虚拟。故正确答案为C 。
3.用于与某些名词相关的表语从句和同位语从句
要求位于其后面的表语从句和同位语从句用"(should +)原形动词" 型虚拟语气谓语形式的名词常见的有:suggestion, proposal, advice, recommendation, order, idea, plan, decision, instruction, insistence, preference, necessity, requirement, resolution, motion, desire等。其基本句型为(以suggestion 为例) :The suggestion is that...(表语从句)/The suggestion that ...(同位语从句) 。例如:
11)We are all for your proposal that the discussion ________.(CET-4,98.6,68)
A.be put off B.was put off
C.should put off D.is to put off
[译文]我们都支持你提出的推迟讨论的建议。
[简析]名词proposal 要求其后的同位语
从句谓语用"(should +)原形动词" 表示虚拟。当从句谓语为被动语态时,应用" 原形be+过去分词" 。故正确答案A 。
三、用于wish 后的宾语从句
wish 表示强烈的主观愿望,其后的宾语从句通常用虚拟语气。
表示对过去事件的愿望用" 过去完成时" 或"could /would +have done";
表示与现在习惯或事实相反的愿望用" 过去时" 或"were doing(持续性动词)" ; 表示对未来事件的愿望用"could /would do"或"were doing(瞬间动词)" 。例如:
12)I wish I ________ longer this morning,but I had to get up and come to class.(CET-4,95.6,45)
A.could have slept B.slept
C.might have slept D.have slept
[译文]我真希望今天早上能多睡一会儿,可我不得不起床去上课。
[简析]wish 后的宾语从句带有明显的过去时间状语,而且but 后的分句是过去时,因此wish 后的宾语从句指与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词应用"could +have done"形式。故最佳答案为A 。
四、用于would rather('d rather)后的宾语从句
would rather('d rather)意为" 宁愿" 、" 宁可" ,其后的宾语从句要求用" 过去时" 这一虚拟语气形式,表示与现在或将来事实相反的愿望。例如:
13)The manager would rather his daughter ________ in the same office.(CET-4,2000.6,48)
A.had not worked B.not to work
C.does not work D.did not work
[译文]这位经理宁愿女儿不和他在同一办公室工作。
[简析]would rather后的宾语从句表示与现在事实相反的愿望,其谓语动词应用过去时表示虚拟。故正确答案为D 。
五、用于It's(high /about)time后的 that从句
It's(high /about)time that从句这一句型中,that 从句的谓语动词应用" 过去时" 表示虚拟。整个句型表达" 该到„„时候了" 或" 该„„"之意。that 常被省略。例如:
14)"You are very selfish.It's high time you ________ that you are not the most important person in the world,"Edgar said to his boss angrily.(CET-4,99.1,57)
A.realized B.have realized
C.realize D.should realize
[译文]埃德加怒气冲冲地对老板说:" 你太自私了。你也该认识到你并非是这个世界上最重要的人物。"
[简析]It's high time后的从句的谓语动词常用" 过去时" 表示对现在情况的虚拟。故最佳答案为A 。
六、用于lest,for fear that(以防,惟恐) 引导的状语从句
在lest,for fear that等引导的状语从句中,通常用"(should +)原形动词" 这一虚拟语气形式。例如:
15)The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ________ himself.(CET-4,98.1,38)
A.injure B.had injured
C.injured D.would injure
[译文]疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的小房间,以防他伤到自己。
[简析]lest 引导的状语从句一般用"(should +)原形动词" 虚拟语气谓语形式。故正确答案为A 。
虚拟语气用于从句中
1. 在主语从句中
在It + be +形容词/ 名词 + that从句的结构中,由于某些形容词/ 名词的原因,that 从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式"should + 动词原形" 或是" 动词原形" 。 这类形容词/ 名词常见的有:
essential (绝对必要的) important(重要的) advisable(明智的)
desirable (希望能够的) imperative(必须的) natural(自然的)
necessary (必要的) regretful(遗憾的) strange(奇怪的)
proper (适当的) urgent(紧急的) duty(义务、责任)
a pity(遗憾) no wonder(难怪) a regret(遗憾)。 It is strange that he (should) say so.
It is a great pity that you (should) think so. It is natural that a bird (should) rest in trees. It is necessary that he be sent to Beijing right away.
另外,下列结构中主语从句的谓语动词也要求用虚拟语气: It is ordered that „(根据命令、要求„„) , It is proposed that „(人们建议„„) It is desired that „ (最好、需要„„) , It is requested that „ (人们要求„„) It is suggested that „ (有人建议„„) , It is recommended that „(有人推荐„„) It is demanded that „(根据要求„„) , It is decided that „(已经决定„„)
It is arranged that „ (已经安排„„) 等等。
It is ordered that all the troops (should) withdraw three miles away. It is arranged that he leave for Canada on Friday.
It is suggested that the English evening be held on Saturday.
Translation: 我们说话要有礼貌这是非常重要的。 开展批评与自我批评是十分必要的. 希望这条规则引起全体职员的注意。 2. 在宾语从句中
某些动词后面,宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式。宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式"should + 动词原形" 或是" 动词原形" 。这类要求宾语从句的谓语用虚拟式的动词,常见的有:
command (命令) demand(要求) desire(希望) insist(坚持) order (命令) propose(提议) recommend(推荐) request(要求)
require (要求) suggest(建议),等。
He proposed that we (should) set a dead line for the complement of the plan.
They requested that we (should) send a delegation to their country.
另外,wish 和would rather / sooner that „后面的宾语从句,
谓语动词的形式用法
过去式-------表示当时未能实现的愿望、意愿 过去完成式---表示过去未能实现的愿望、意愿 过去未来式---表示未来不大可能实现的愿望, 意愿
(注意下列例句:wish 自身的时态并不影响从句谓语动词的形式。)
1) I wish that I knew something about programming. I wished that I knew something about programming.
2) They wish that they hadn't said it to us. They wished that they hadn't said it to us.
3) I wish that you would get younger and younger.
4) The manager would rather that his secretary went to the meeting instead of him. 5) He would sooner that he hadn't born until ten years ago.
Translation :我希望你再待一会儿。
我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会,它是那么精彩。 我宁愿我什么都不知道。 他坚持要求推迟会议。
校长命令所有学生离开教室。 3. 在表语从句和同位语从句中
下面这些名词的后面所接的表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟式"should + 动词原形" 或是直接用" 动词原形" : idea(想法) suggestion(建议) motion(动议) proposal(提议)
order (命令) recommendation(推荐) advice (建议) instruction (指示、指令) 等等。
The instruction was that nobody be allowed to go to sleep until further orders.(表语从句) My suggestion is that he leave for London at once. (表语从句)
What do you think of his proposal that we ( should ) put on a play at the English evening?(同位语从句)
Translation :我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。 没有任何迹象表明她要辞职。 4) 在状语从句中
在某些状语从句中,要求谓语动词要用虚拟式 " should + 动词原形 " 或是 " 动词原形 "。以as if 、as though(似乎,仿佛)引出的方式状语从句,如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气;
如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气, 其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish 后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。
He took his umbrella with him lest it rain. (目的状语从句)
They burned all the important documents for fear that they fall into the enemy's hands. (目的状语从句)
I can still remember the whole thing in great detail as though it were yesterday.(方式状语从句)They are talking as if they had been friends for years. (方式状语从句)
Though everyone desert you, we will not .(让步状语从句,这是间或的用法。)
As long as a volume hold together, We don't care much about its outer appearance .(条件状语从句,这是间或的用法。)。
This, if the news be true, will mean a lot to us. (条件状语从句,这是间或的用法。)
Translation :我会为你留个位置的,以免你改变注意。 (in case) 他装作若无其事的样子
我不会作声的,以免打扰你。 5) 在It is (high) time that„从句中
在这个句型中的that„从句里,无论何时、何人称,其谓语动词都用" 过去式" 。这个句型表达的意思是" 该是„„的时候了" 。例如:
It is time that we got ready for the final examination.
It is high time that we had our lunch. It is time that he made up his mind.
6) 在If only„从句中
"If only„从句" 表示一种愿望或是向往的假设,其意义是" 要是„„就好了" 、" 但愿„„"。这个句型中的语序是正常语序,不倒装。另外,其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish 后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。
If only she could understand my real feelings.
If only my mother had survived the disease and lived till now. If only he would fine a satisfactory job after his graduation.
8) 虚拟语气用于其他情况
首先,虚拟语气常用于表示客气、委婉的说法。
Could you tell me the way to the nearest shopping center? Perhaps you could get better results this way. Which seat might I take?
其次,在一些公式化的句子里也常用虚拟语气。这些公式化句子的谓语常用两种句式, 即:" 动词原形" 或是"may + 动词原形"(后者常用倒装句式) 。例如: God bless you!! So be it then!!
May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. Come what may, we'll solve the problem by ourselves.
Translation: 天气真该好起来了。 要是她在这儿就好了。 要是上周我不忙多好啊。 中华人民共和国万岁! 见鬼去吧!
23.modern, contemporary, current, recent, present, up-to-date 这些形容词均有“现代的、当代的”之意。
modern: 指现代或近代,时期可长可短;也可指新颖、时髦的。
contemporary: 仅指当今这个时代,不涉及任何过去的时代,但可表示不同的人或物存在于同一时代。
current: 指目前存在和发生的。 recent: 表示新近的,最近的,时间的长短依据所修饰的人或物而定。 present: 是这些词中语气最强的一个。指现在正发生、起作用的。 up-to-date: 一般用于非正式场合,指很时新、能反映当前的最新发展
trend, tendency, current 这些名词均含“趋势,倾向”之意。
trend: 指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势。
tendency: 指固有或习得的倾向性,强调没有外来的影响或干扰。
current: 指向某一方面发展或在确趋向中行动。
1.current 作形容词表示“最近的”,无需用very 等程度副词修饰。 错句举例与错句分析: 错句: The research is part of a very current debate. 订正: The research is part of a current debate. 翻译: 这项研究是最近的热点议题的一部
分。 分析: current表示“最近的”,无需用very 等程度副词修饰