现在完成时用法--持续性用法

现在完成时用法——持续性用法

现在完成时用法——持续性用法

——持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for ＋一段时间 或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。

for + 段时间

since +点时间

实例：

1）I've lived here since 1990．自从1990年以来我就住在这里。

= I've lived here since 13 years ago.

= I've lived here for 13 years.

= It is 13 years since I began to live here.

2）I haven't seen him for three years ．我三年没有看见他了。

= I haven't seen him since three years ago

.

= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.

3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city ．

自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。

4）She's been at this school since five years ago．

自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。

注意：①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计) 或since （自从。。。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。

②对for 和since 引导的时间状语提问要用How long

1） 他入团两年了。

误：He has joined the League for two years．

正：He has been a League member for two years．

2）我买这辆自行车三年了。

误：I have bought this bike for three years．

正：I have had this bike for three years．

2） ▲部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：

短暂性动词 延续性动词

die → be dead

borrow → keep

buy/catch → have

get up → be up

come → be in

finish → be over

leaver → be away

open → be open

close → be closed

begin → be on

become interested in → be interested in

一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？

①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday 连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。

②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。

例： He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)

He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在\完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）

巩固练习：

I ．按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。

1、He has already finished his homework．（改为否定句）

He _______ finished his homework ________．

2．They have found the lost books already．（改为一般疑问句，并作否定回答） ______ they _______ the lost books _______？No ，they________．

3．Julia has not got home from school yet．（改为肯定句）

Julia ______ _______ ________ home from school ．

4．You have never been to Shanghai before，_______ ________ ？（改为反意疑问句）

5. He’s gone to Beijing, ______ ______?（改为反意疑问句）

6．Mr Wang began to teach English in this school in 1999．（改为同义句）

Mr Wang _________ _________ English in this school since 1999．

7. He hasn’t left home for 3 days.(同义句)

He ___has__ __not____ ___been___ home for 3 days.

8. They have lived here since 3 years ago. (对划线提问)

II ．选择正确答案。

( )1．—Who is Mary ？

—____？I saw you talking with her at the meeting ．

A ．Don't you meet her yet B ．Didn't you met her yet

C ．Haven't you met her yet D ．Hadn't you met her yet

( )2．—How do you like Beijing ，Mr Black？

—Oh ，I ____ such a beautiful city ．

A ．don't visit B ．didn't visit

C ．haven't visited D ．hadn't visited

( )3．The old people ____ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week．

A ．don't feel B ．hasn't felt

C ．haven't felt D.didn’t feel

( ) 4．We have lived here ____ five years ago．

A ．when B ．since C ．before D ．after

11.11 用于现在完成时的句型

1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

这是我看过的最好的电影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题

(1) ---Do you know our town at all?

---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was have been C. came D. am coming

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come

注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

（错）I have received his letter for a month.

（对）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

二、现在完成时的基本用法

1. 动作开始于过去，结束于过去，但和现在的情况关系密切。例如：

--Can I help you with your homework?

--Thank you all the same. I have finished it already?

从这里可以看出，“做作业”这个动作发生于过去，而且也结束于过去，但和现在关系密切。“Thank you all the same.”暗指无须帮忙。现在由于做完了（finished ）已不用帮忙。强调的是“做完”这个动作对现在的影响。

2. 动作发生于过去一直延续到现在。这个动作可能是多次发生，也可能是表示某种状态或习惯性动作。例如：

I have lived here since 1979.

He has worked in Beijing for 20 years.

在这个用法中，有一点需要特别注意，即含有中止或短暂意义的词不能跟一段时间搭配。例如：我们如果想表达“他已离开此地两天了。不能说“He has left for two days.”而应说成“He has been away for two days.”像此类型的单词不多，大致有：begin ，end ，come ，go ，leave ，join ，die 等。

三、现在完成时的标志词

是否使用现在完成时不仅可以通过了解句子的汉语意思套用其基本用法，还可以通过观察时间标志词。和现在完成时态连用的时间状语主要有以下三种：

1. 句中出现 just ，never ，ever ， already， yet等词时句子一般使用现在完成时。例如：

I have already had my lunch.

He hasn't found the answer to the question yet.

2.for ＋一段时间或since ＋点时间或引导时间状语从句（一般多为过去时）。例如：

He has been a teacher for 20 years.

I have known him since we were little-boys.

3. so far(到目前为止) ，in the past/last＋表示一段时间的词语。例如：

I haven't seen him so far.

He hasn't talked with me in the past/three days.

现在完成时 Present perfect by Mr. Fu

肯定句式： ① We have just finished our homework． ② She has gone home． 一般疑问句式：

③ Have you read this story book yet？

特殊疑问句及反意疑问句结构如下：

④ What have you done with my bike?

⑤ You've read this story book, haven't you?

注意：1）现在完成时的一般疑问句往往在句末加yet 。

2）把现在完成时的一般疑问句译成汉语时，往往译成“……过吗？”、“已经……了吗？”等。

3）其肯定回答用“Yes，．．．have （has ）．”，否定回答用“No，．．．haven't （hasn't ）．”，有时用“No，not yet．”或“No，never ．”。

接触三：否定句式：现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't（hasn't ）＋过去分词”。如： ⑥ We haven't studied Unit 2 yet． ⑦ The train hasn't stopped yet．

注意：1）现在完成时的否定句句末往往加yet 。2）否定句常译为“还没有……”等。

现在完成时巩固练习（一）

I. 用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. I______never______（speak ）to a foreigner．

2. —______Tom______（return ）the library book？ —Yes ，he has． —When________he________（return ）it ？ —Half an hour ago． II. 按要求转换下列各句，每空一词。

1. He has found nothing in the room．（改为一般疑问句）

________he found________in the room ？

2. I have already finished the work．（改为否定句）

I________finished the work________.

________ ________she got？

4. They've never learned Japanese,_______ ________（改为反意疑问句）

接触四：用法之一：现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如：

Have you read that story？你读过那个故事吗？

（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容。） I have bought two apples． 我买了两个苹果。

（“买”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的结果是：拥有两个苹果。） I have already finished my homework．我已经做完家庭作业了。 He has just had his meal．他刚吃过饭。

Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？

They haven't started yet．他们还没有动身。

We have never heard of it．我们从来没有听说过这件事。 接触五：用法之二 :表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。 注：这一用法即现在完成进行时的用法

因为表示的是持续的动作或状态，所以使用的动词通常是延续性动词：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have… 等；

使用的时间状语通常由for 或since 引导，但二者后接的词有所不同：

for 后常跟一个时间段，指某个动作到现在为止已持续了多长时间，如for three years, for half an hour等。 since 作介词，后面可以接一个时间点，如since 1980，也可以接“一段时间+ago”,

如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。

since 还可用作连词，引导一个过去时态的时间状语从句。

如：We have known each other since we went to college.

非延续性动词不能直接和for 或since 连用，但我们可以找一个相应的延续性动词或动词短语来替换这些非延续性动词，如: come→be, come to→be in / at, go out→ be out, leave→be away, begin / start→be on, stop→ be over，buy→ have, borrow→ keep, open→be open, close→be closed, join→be a member of, die→be dead, catch a cold→have a cold, get to know→know, become a teacher →be a teacher, fall asleep→be asleep, fall ill→ be ill等。 句型It is the first （second, third...) time that...的that 从句中，

谓语动词须用现在完成时，表示到说话时为止动作发生过几次。如：It is the first time that I have been here. 接触六：现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较

现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。试比较：

The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿。） The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是一刻钟以前抵达的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去。）

接触七：have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法

1. have(has) been in 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。

They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。

2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。 可与just, ever, never等连用。如：

I've just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。

Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？

Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。

3. have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。如：

I've been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。

They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。

4. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。 总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如： —Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？ —He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。