暖通空调外文文献
Aninvestigationoftheexistingsituation
andtrendsinbuilding
energyefficiencymanagementinChina
Abstract
AccordingtotheChineseStateCouncil’s‘‘BuildingEnergyEfficiencyManagementOrdinance’’,alarge-scaleinvestigationofenergyefficiency(EE)inbuildingsincontemporaryChinahasbeencarriedoutin22provincialcapitalsandmajorcitiesinChina.Theaimofthisprojectistoprovidereliableinformationfordrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’bytheMinistryofConstructionofChina.Thesurveyedorganizationsincludegovernmentdepartments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicescompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,financialinstitutionsandthosewhichrelatetothebusinessofbuildingenergyefficiency.Inaddition,representativesofthemediaandresidentswerealsoinvolved.Adetailedanalysisoftheresultsoftheinvestigationconcerningaspectsofthecurrentsituationandtrendsinbuildingenergyconsumption,energyefficiencystrategyandtheimplementationofenergyefficiencymeasureshasbeenconducted.Theinvestigationsuppliesessentialinformationtoformulatethemarketentrancepolicyfornewbuildingsandtherefurbishmentpolicyforexistingbuildingstoencouragethedevelopmentofenergyefficienttechnology.
Keywords:Energyefficiency(EE);Building;Survey;Policy;Legislation;Reform;China
1.Introduction
FuturetrendsinChina’senergywillhaveconsiderableconsequencesforbothChinaandtheglobalenvironment.
AlthoughChina’scarbonemissionsarelowonapercapitabasis,Chinahasbeenalreadyrankedtheworld’ssecondlargestproducerofcarbon,behindonlytheUSA.China’sbuildingssectorcurrentlyaccountsfor23%ofChina’stotalenergyuseandthisisprojectedtoincreasetoone-thirdby2010.Chinahassetatargetfora50%reductionofenergyconsumptionforbuildings.EnergypolicyplaysanimportantroleinChina’ssustainabledevelopment.Improvingenergyefficiencyinbuildingsisoneofthemostcost-effectivemeasuresforreducingCO2emission,whichisrecognised
asoneofthemaincausesofglobalwarming.
TheclimateinChinaisverydiverse.Accordingtothenational‘‘StandardofClimaticRegionalizationforArchitecture’’GB50178-93,Chinaisdividedintothefollowingzonesbasedonclimatecharacteristics:verycold,cold,hotsummerandcoldwinter,hotsummerandwarmwinter,andmoderate.Airconditioningandheatingrequirementsfordifferentzonesareasfollows:intheverycoldzone,themajorrequirementisheating,andfewresidentialbuildingsareequippedwithairconditioning.Inthecoldzone,theprimaryrequirementisheating,followedbyairconditioning.Inthehotsummerandcoldwinterzone,bothairconditioningandheatingareneeded.Inthehotsummerandwarmwinterzone,themajorrequirementisairconditioningandfewresidentialbuildingsrequireheating.Insomepartsofthemoderatezone,heatingisneeded;inotherparts,bothheatingandairconditioningareneeded.Theavailabilityofheatingandairconditioningdependsonseveralfactors,includingthedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentinanarea,theavailabilityofenergysuppliesandtherequirementsforenvironmentalprotection
TheChinesegovernmenthasfocusedonenergyefficiencyinbuildingssincethe1980s,andnumerousstandards,buildingcodes,incentivepoliciesandadministrativeruleshavebeenissued.Forexample,the‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeated
ResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-86’’,‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedNewResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-95’’and‘‘TechnicalSpecificationforEnergyConservationRenovationofExistingHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ129-2000’’arefortheVeryColdandColdzones.The‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandColdWinterzoneJGJ134-2001’’and‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandWarmWinterzoneJGJ75-2003’’arefornon-centralheatingareas.AccordingtotheChinesegovernmenttimetable,standardsfortheenergyefficientdesignforresidentialbuildingsinallclimatezonesshouldhavetakeneffectbytheendof2003
Inordertoenhancetheenergyefficiencystrategies’implementation,onbehalfoftheStateCouncil,TheMinistryofConstructionisdrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’,whichaimstoestablishabuildingenergyefficiencylegislationsystem,principallyusingapolicyofeconomicincentivesinordertostimulatethereforminbuildingenergyefficiency.Tofulfillthistask,alarge-scaleinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutfocusingontheawareness,understandinganddegreeofsupportforthereformofenergy
efficiencyinbuildings.
2.Methodology
Thesurveymethodhasbeenappliedinthisinvestigation.Thequestionnairesurveyisacommonmethod,whichhasbeenusedbymanyresearchersworldwide.Adetaileddescriptionofthesurveymethodusedinthisworkisasfollows.
2.1.Objectsandsubjectsoftheinvestigation
Thesurveyintothe‘‘existingsituationandtrendsofbuildingenergyefficiencymanagementinChina’’wascarriedoutfromSeptember2005toFebruary2006andaimedtosupplyrealisticinformationforprovidingareliablewarrantyfordrawingupbuildingenergymanagementregulations.Extensivediscussions
havebeenconductedwithexpertsinthecountryinordertodesignthesurveyquestionnaire.About22,000copiesofthesurveyquestionnairehavebeendistributedtoabout22provincialcapitalsandthemajorcitiesthroughoutthecountry.Thesurveysubjectsaremainlygovernmentadministrativedepartments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicecompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,financeorganizations,themediaandresidents.Theinformation
derivedfromtheinvestigationbecomesanimportantreferenceforthedrawingupofthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’.Thetopicsoftheinvestigationaredividedintoonegeneralpartandeightspecificparts.Thegeneralpartistoinvestigatetheexistingsituationofenergyefficiencymanagement,thedevelopmenttendencyandthecostofbuildingenergy
efficiency.Thespecificpartsinclude:
Part1:Newbuildingmarketentrancepermission;
Part2:Promotion,limitationandrestriction;
Part3:Statisticofbuildingenergyconsumption;
Part4:Energyefficiencylabellingandcertification;
Part5:Energyefficiencymanagementandrefurbishmentforpublicbuildings;Part6:Energyefficiencymanagementandrefurbishmentforresidentialbuildings;
Part7:Applicationofrenewableenergy;
Part8:Incentivepolicyforenergyefficiency.
Thesubjectscomefrom11groups,theyare:
No.1:Governmentdepartments;
No.2:Propertydevelopers;
No.3:Designandconstructioncompanies;
No.4:Energyservicecompanies;
No.5:Clientsofpublicbuildings;
No.6:Propertyservicecompanies;
No.7:Heatingsuppliers;
No.8:Manufacturersofconstructionmaterialsandproducts;
No.9:Financialinstitutions;
No.10:Residents;
No.11:TheMedia.
The11subjectswererequiredtoanswerthequestionsinthegeneralpartbutdidnotnecessarilyhavetoanswerallthequestionsinthespecificparts.The11typesofquestionnaireweredesignedforthedifferentsubjects.
3.Analysisofsamples
The22,000copiesofthequestionnairehavebeen
validcopieshavebeenreturned,
completed
frominstitutions.distributed,andabout13,125copiesaresponserateof59.7%.Amongthesevalidquestionnaires,10,236copieswerefromresidentsand2889
3.1.Residentsubjectsamples
Theresidentquestionnaireincludesfourcriteria:ownership
buildingtype,buildingageandaveragefamily
canseethattheownershipofproperty
accountforofproperty,income.Fromtheinvestigationwe62.9%;accountsfor67.8%;themulti-floorbuildings
lessthan5000Yuanaccount
situationin61.8%;thebuildingsagedlessthan10yearsoldaccountforandhouseholdswithmonthlyaveragefamilyincomefor61.8%.ThesefiguresmatchthecompletedrealsituationinChina.Ingeneral,thevalid
mainstream.questionnairesfromresidentsubjectsreflectthegeneralChinesesociety.Itrepresentsthesociety’s
3.2.Institutionsincludedinthesample
Theinstitutionsincludedinthesamplewereclassified
criteria,namelytheadministrativecharacteristics
andwhetherornottheywerebuildingowners.
provincial
specificadministrativecitywhichis
surveyedaccordingtothreeoftheircities,theirclimatezone,FromtheinvestigationwecanseethatthesurveyedcitiesaremainlycapitalsandMunicipalities(aMunicipalityisagoverneddirectlybytheTainjin,centralgovernment.Therearefoursuchcities:Beijing,
capitalsismoreremarkable
hotsummerandShanghaiandChongqing),whichaccountfor90%ofthewholereflectthecountry’srealsituation.cities.Thebuildingenergyconsumptioninprovincialthanthatinothercities,whichThesurveyedcitiesaremostlylocatedintheverycold,cold,
coldwinterzones.
andmildzonesareatthemoment.
energyefficiencyproportionofdesigninstitutions,makeupthelowestproportionof0.6%becausethebuildingservicesystemisnotyetfullymature.The
constructionandconsultancy
secondlargestcompaniesis38%,whichisthelargestgroup.The
executivebodiesgroup,with14.3%,ismadeupofmanufacturersofbuilding
efficiency.Theproportionofclientsof
subjectmaterialsandequipment.Thesetwoinstitutionsarethepracticalfortheimplementationofbuildingenergypublicbuildingis9.0%,energywhichisparticularlyselectedtoreflectpublicbuildingmanagementandrenovation.Theproportionsoftheseinstitution
samplesreflecttherealsituationinChina[
4.Resultanalysis
Thesurveyswerecarriedoutwithinfourgroups:consumers,
servicesandconsultancysupervisions.Theconsumers
ofpublicbuildings.The
Theproducers,includeresidentsandclientscompanies,producersincludepropertydevelopersandmanufacturers.
managementservices,energyresourceservices
Theconsultancysupervisionsincludeservicesincludedesignconstructionandconstructionconsultancyandfinanceinstitutions.energyservicecompanies,facilitycompanies
governmentdepartmentsandthemedia.
4.1Consumersofenergyefficientproducts
4.1.1Thedegreeofacceptabilityofenergyefficientproducts
Theinvestigation
fromthesurvey.Fromenergyefficientbuildingproductsdoes
difference.Theofefficientnotremainhighandthereexistsaregional
cold,coldandhotsummerand
verycoldfeedbackfromtheresidentsurveyshowsthat,theenergyproductsaremorelikelytobeacceptedintheverycoldwinterzonesthanthehotheatingsummerandwarmwinterzone.Inrecentyears,a
aremoreinterestedinenergy
heating;meteringandpaymentsystemreformhasbeenconductedintheandcoldzones;thereforetheresidentsinthesezonesefficientproducts.Inthehotsevereinsummerandcoldwinterzone,theindoorclimateis
productstoimprovetheirwinterandsummerwithoutbothairconditioningandelectricthereforetheresidentsarekeentouseenergyefficient
livingconditionsaswellastosave
buildingsshowsmoney.Thefeedbackfromclientsofpublic
Fromthesurveyresultswecanthattheenergyefficientproductsaremorefavouredintheverycold,cold,andhotsummerandcoldwinterzones.
productsis
affectedbythefollowingfactors:concludethattheconsumers’degreeofacceptanceofenergyefficientbuilding
1.ThemeteringandpaymentsystemforheatinginnorthChina;
2.Thequantityofenergyconsumed;
3.Climatecharacteristics.
4.1.2.Large-scalepublicbuildings
Theenergyconsumptioninlarge-scalepublicbuildingsis10–15timesthatinresidentialbuildings.Forexample,thefloorareaoflargepublicbuildingsinBeijing
electricityonlyaccountsfor5.4%ofthecity’stotalbuildingfloorarea,however,its
energyefficiencyreformenergyconsumptionisalmostequaltothatofresidentialbuildings.Itisobviousthatshouldfocusonlarge-scalepublicandgovernmentoffice
energyefficiencyreform,buildings.Inordertoinvestigatethepublicexpectationsof
thequestion‘‘Canenergyefficiency
consumption?’’reformsavemoreorlessthan20%ofenergy
‘‘less’’and59.3%hasbeenincludedinthesurvey(seeFig.1).Theresultfrom
publicbuildingsshowsthat32%ofgovernmentofficebuildingsisthat40.7%ofrespondentsvote‘‘more’’.Theresultfromthelarge-scale
respondentsvote‘‘less’’and68%‘‘more’’.Thisimpliesapositiveopinionandhighexpectationthatenergyefficiencyreformwillsaveenergyconsumptioninbuildingsforthesetwotypesofbuildings.
4.2.Energyefficientbuildingdevelopers
4.2.1.Propertydevelopers
According
oftheirenergytobuildingsbuiltinthe1980s.ThesenewEnergyEfficientBuildings.Thesurveyhasbeencarriedoutwith411propertydevelopersinvolvedwiththenewlyconstructedbuildingstoinvestigateifthistargethasbeenmetinthefollowingthreeareas:
1.ThenumberofEEbuildingsasaproportionofthetotalnumberofnewlyconstructedbuildings;
2.ThecostsofEEbuildings;
3.ThesalesofEEbuildingsinthemarket.
Thesurveyresultrevealsthatonly20.6%ofthetotalbuildingshavemettherequirementofthisstandard.TheinvestigationshowstheincrementofcostoftheEEbuildings.Fromthisfigure,wecanseethatthereisadifferenceinthecostincrementsforEEbuildingsconstructedbythedifferentpropertydevelopers.InvestigationshowsthemarketsituationforEEbuildings.Fromthis,wecanseethatthereisnooverwhelmingadvantageforEEbuildingsonthepropertymarket.
ThissurveyidentifiessomeoftheproblemsindevelopingEEbuildingsinChina,whichare:
1.Thereisagreatmismatchbetweendesignandconstructionandthisaffectstheactualenergysaving;
2.ThereisnostableratioofcostincrementtoenergysavingandthiscausesproblemsforthebudgetestimationsforEEbuildings;
3.ThereisnomarketguidanceforenergyefficientbuildingsandthiscauseslowsensitivitytotheEEbuildingsonthepropertymarket;
4.PropertydevelopersunderestimatetherequirementoftheEEbuildingsforpropertybuyers.
Meanwhile,weinvestigatedtheimpactofBuildingEnergyEfficiencyLabellingonpurchasingintentionsandtheattitudeofpropertydeveloperstotheprovisionofbuildingenergyefficiencylabelling.Thesurveyresultsshowthatthemoreinformationthathasbeensuppliedtothebuyers,themoreattentiontheypaytoabuilding’sEEstatus.seeFig.4.Theintentionto‘‘considerbuyinganenergyefficientbuilding’’increasesbymorethanfivetimesaftertheprovisionoftheinformationthanbefore.
efficiencybuildinglabelingtostimulatetheFig.5.showstheattitudetowardsenergyefficiencybuildinglabellingoftheadministrativedepartments,propertydevelopersandbuyers.Fromthis,wecanseethat81.6%ofthebuyersareverysupportiveofenergyefficiencybuildinginformationandlabelling;however,incontrastabout66%ofpropertydevelopersarenot
concernedaboutenergyefficiencyinformation.Itisveryimportantforlegislationontheenergyefficiencylabellingsystemtorequirethepropertydeveloperstosupplytheenergyefficiencybuildinginformationtobuyersinordertosupportenergyefficiencyandavoidoverwhelmingprofit-makingonthepropertymarket.
4.2.2.Manufacturersofmaterialsandequipment
Theinvestigationontheenergyefficiencyinbuilding
thefollowingtwoquestions:
efficiencytechnology
practice?materialsandproductshasbeencarriedoutwith405manufacturersthroughoutthecountryandfocusedon1.Whataretheapproachestotheintroductionofenergydevelopmentandtransfer?2.Whydodisputesaboutenergyefficiencyproductsoccurin
Fig.6showstheapproachestoenergyefficiencyproducttechnologytransfer.Fromthisfigurewecanseethatabout15%ofenergyefficiencyproductsareself-developedbytheenterprises,22%arejointlydevelopedwithresearchinstitutions,35%aretechnologyintroducedfromoverseas,15%areimporteddirectlyfromoverseasand13%arefromother
channels.
Thereismuchdisputeaboutthequalityofenergyefficiencyproducts.Table5showsthecausesofthesedisputes.Fromthetablewecanseethatthequalityoftheenergyefficiencyproductsproducedindependentlybyenterprisesandjointly
developedwithresearchinstitutionsisresponsibleformanyproblems,43.4%and65.1%,respectively.ThelastfigureinparticularisacauseforconcernsinceitdemonstratestheweaknessofResearchandDevelopment(R&D)inChina.BothR&Dandtechnologytransferneedtobestrengthened.Althoughtherearefewerqualityproblemswithimportedtechnologiesandproductsfromoverseas,therearemanyproblemswiththeirinstallationandmatchingwithoriginaldesigns.About43.3%ofthetechnologiesintroducedfromoverseasareimproperlyused.
About30%ofimportedenergyefficiencyproductshaveproblemsduetoimproperinstallationand30%ofthemdonotmatchwiththedesign.
4.3.Buildingenergyefficiencyservicesystem
4.3.1.Thedesign,consultancyservicesandconstructionofbuildings
Thesurvey
andconstruction1.Thepass2.Thepassrateofconstructionabidingbytheenergyefficientdesign;
3.Thepassrateoftheactualenergyefficiencyofthebuildings.
Fig.7showsthepassratesfortheabovethreecriteria.Fromthefigure,wecanseethatenergyefficiencydesignstandardimplementationhasthehighestpassrateof
90.3%andconstructionimplementationhasahighrateof77%,however,thepassratefortheactualenergyefficiencyofbuildings(42.8%)islow.Theresultsimplythattheintentionofdesigningandconstructingenergyefficientbuildingshassubstantiallyincreasedduetothepromulgationofthenewbuildingdesigncodes.However,unfortunatelythisdidnotleadtoasubstantialincreaseinenergysavingfortheactualbuildings.Thisisduetothelackofskilledconstructionandinstallationworkers.
4.3.2.Thebuildingheatingsuppliers
Thesurveyhasbeencarriedoutin71heatingsuppliersandfocusedonthefollowingthreecriteria:
1.Howmuch
sourceandpipenetwork?
2.Howpopulararecentralheating3.Howmuchwouldtheyaccepttoaffordthecostofrefurbishmentofaheatingsystem?
Fig.8showstheincreasedheatingefficiencyduetotherefurbishmentofheatingsupplysystemsinBeijingandDalian.
Fromthefigure,wecanseethatthereislittlesignificantimprovementinenergyefficiencyduetotherefurbishmentofheatingsupplysystems.Theinvestigationof71heatingsupplycompaniesrevealsthatcentralheatingsystemsaccountforabout35–40%ofthetotalheatingsystems.Theheatingsystemsofnewlybuiltresidentialbuildingshavebeendesignedandinstalledwiththermostatstocontroltheindoorairtemperature.Thisincreasescostsbyabout20RMB/m2comparedwiththeoldsystem.Theaveragecostofrefurbishmentoftheoldheatingsystemwithathermostatand
replacementofpipesandradiatorswillcostabout
20–30RMB/m2.
Weinvestigatedtheacceptabilityofcontributingdifferentproportionsofthecostofrefurbishment.Thepercentagesofthepaymentaregroupedas‘Notatall’.Fig.9showstheresults.Fromthefigurewecanseethatnotmanyrespondentsliketopaythecosts.Thisinformationisveryusefulfordraftingtheheatingsystemmeteringpaymentsystem.About42%oftherefurbishmentsoftheheatingnetworkdidnotachievea10%improvementinefficiency.Thereformoftheheatingsystemswillfocusontheimprovementofenergyefficiencytotheend-user.Thesurveyresultrevealsthattheinstallationofthermostatsandameteringpaymentsystemcanachievea30%
The
insupplierswhoarewillingtoundertakeover30%oftherefurbishmentcostsaremainlytheproducersofcombinedheatandpower.InChina,heatresourcesupplierschargeheatsupplyagentsfortheheatwhiletheheatsupplyagentschargetheusersbyfloorarea.