焦虑情绪调节与童年贫穷
Effects of childhood poverty and chronic stress on emotion regulatory brain function in adulthood
（一）Introduction
1童年贫穷与成年期的心理生理疾病发生的高危性有关
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4 研究假设
①Therefore, in this longitudinal study, we investigated whether childhood family income was associated prospectively with adult neural activity in the amygdala and PFC during emotion regulation.
② We also examined a stress pathway linking childhood poverty and the subsequent neural functions for emotion regulation.
③The current study used family income assessed at age 9 as a direct measure of childhood poverty exposure.
④To investigate the developmental timing of poverty and neural functioning, we examined the link between childhood poverty and adult neural functioning after controlling for adult income levels.
⑤We used a well-established emotion regulation functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm (18, 44), in which participants are instructed to experience the natural emotional state (Maintain) or to decrease the intensity of their negative affect by using cognitive reappraisal (Reappraisal) while viewing negative images.⑥We hypothesized that, in the contrast of Reappraisal vs. Maintain conditions, low family income at age 9 would be associated with increased amygdala and decreased PFC activation.
⑦The amygdala and PFC activation may also be associated with self-reports of emotion regulation (Materials and Methods).
⑧Furthermore, we assessed chronic stress by averaging exposure to multiple physical (i.e., substandard housing, crowding, and noise) and social (i.e.,family turmoil, violence, and child–family separation) risk factors across ages 9–17.
⑨We hypothesized that the influence of childhood income on amygdala and PFC activity would be mediated by chronic stress exposure throughout childhood.
（二）Methods and Results
（三）Discussion and Significance