名词与主谓一致

名词与主谓一致

一. 名词的数

在汉语语法中没有可数名词和不可数名词的分类，请注意可数名词复数的变化规则，并重点掌握名词复数形式的特殊变化规则。

1. 以-s ，-x ，-ch ，-sh 结尾为的可数名词的复数形式是在其后加-es 。如：buses ，boxes ，watches ，brushes 。但stomach+ -s 。

2. 以“辅音字母+ -y”结尾的可数名词复数形式是把y 变为i ，再加-es 。如：，factories ，countries 。

但：“元音字母+ -y”或以-y 结尾的专有名词的复数形式是在其后直接加-s 。如：toys ，boys ，Henrys 。

3. 以-f 或-fe 结尾的可数名词，多把-f 或-fe 变为v ，再加-es 。如：leaf —leaves ，life —lives ，thief —thieves ，half —halves ，knife —knives ，wolf —wolves ，wife —wives

但：roofs ，chiefs ，gulfs ，serfs ，beliefs ，proofs 除外，而handkerchief 两种形式皆可。

4. 以-o 结尾的可数名词，有生命的加-es ，如：heroes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes等；无生命的加-s ，如：photos, radios等

4. 复合名词的复数形式。

（1）变主体名词。如：film- goers，passers- by，lookers- on，boy students，girl friends

（2）无主体名词，即在词尾直接加-s 。如：grown- ups，take- offs

但：men teachers，women doctors

5. 改变其中的元音字母，变为复数形式。如：

foot —feet ，tooth —teeth ，child —children ，mouse —mice ，man —men ，woman —women

6. 单复数相同。如：

sheep ，deer ，means （方式，手段），works （工厂），Chinese ，Swiss

但：fish 作“鱼”讲时，单复数相同；作“鱼类”讲时，复数形式在其后加-es

另：fruit 表示“水果”时，为不可数名词；表示“水果的种类”时，复数形式在其后加-s

7. 有些名词的复数形式可表特别的意义。如：

papers 文件、报纸、试卷、论文 goods 货物、商品 greens 青菜 sands 沙滩 times 时代 drinks 饮料 arms 武器 looks 外表 manners 礼貌 lines 台词 works 工厂、著作

8. 以下名词用作不可数名词时，表抽象概念，与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表示具体的人或事。如：

beauty ，cloth ，cold ，coffee ，experience ，failure ，hair ，honour ，knowledge ，memory ，pleasure ，success ，service 等

9. 下列名词用作不可数名词：

advice ，baggage ，clothing ，equipment ，furniture ，fun ，work ，progress ，practice ，weather 等

二. 名词的格

英语中，无生命名词的所属关系通常是在名词后加of 短语表示；有生命名词的所有格形式一般是在名词后加 ’s 。特殊规则如下

1. 以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词的所有格，只需在词右上角加“’”。如：the Shanghai Students’ Post。

2. 以-s 结尾的专有名词的所有格，右上角加“’”。如：Dickens ’ novels, Ross’ photos。

3. 复合名词的所有格是在最后加 ’s 。如：her sister -in -law’s camera。

4. 名词并列时，所有格形式不同，则含义不同。如：Tom and Bob’s desk（ ），Tom ’s and Bob’s desks（ ）

5. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市形式、团体、机构等无生命名词也有所有格。如：today ’s news, an hour’s drive, China’s agriculture, the park’s broadcasting room

6. 名词所有格的特殊含义。如：at Mr Wang’（s ），at the baker’（s ），at the carpenter’（s ），to the doctor’s （ ）。

注：此种情况下，也可看作所有格后面省略了相关的名词。

7. 双重所有格的特殊含义。

在被修饰的名词前有冠词、数词、不定量的形容词或指示代词时，该名词后用of +名词所有格（或名词性物主代词），有着特殊的含义。如：This is a friend of mine. (= )

三. 名词作主语时的主谓一致

名词作主语时，主谓一致通常遵循以下3个原则：语法形式上一致，意义上一致，就近一致。

1. 谓语动词用复数的情况：

（1）people （人民，人们），police ，cattle ，youth 等集体名词做主语时

The police（ ）searching for the thief in the forest.

（2）用and 或both... and...连接并列主语时

Walking and riding （ ）good exercises.（be ）

The singer and the writer（ ）coming.

但是，并列主语如指同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。如：

A knife and fork（ ）lying on the table. （is ）

The writer and poet （ ） going to give us a talk on writing.

注：指同一个人，同一事物并列主语皆为可数名词时，and 后的名词不加冠词。

（3）the + adj.（表示一类人）或分词，使形容词或分词名词化，用作主语时；姓氏+s（表示一家人或夫妇）用作主语时

The rich（ ）for the plan, but the poor（ ）against it.（be ）

（the poor, the rich, the wounded, the young, the sick, the blind, the disabled, the black, the white, the dumb, the deaf, the unemployed, the oppressed）

The Blacks（ ）moving to the south.

注：如果只表示某一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数。如：

The wounded（ ）taken to the hospital yesterday.

（4）glasses ，trousers ，pants ，goods ，clothes ，scissors ，socks ，shoes ，chopsticks ，slippers 等成双成套的名词作主语时

My black trousers（ ）too long. （be ）

但这类词如有a pair of，two pairs of等类似词组修饰时，谓语动词的数则有这些词决定。如：

This pair of glasses（ ）made in Beijing.

2. 谓语动词用单数的情况：

（1）表示度量、时间、距离、金额的复数名词，news ，书刊名、专有名词等名词复数，以及以—ics 结尾的科学名词 （physics ，politics ，economics ）做主语时

Fifty kilometres（ ）a long way.（be ）

The New York Times（ ）well in the USA.（sell ）

注意：如果强调数量，谓语动词可用复数。如：

Nine years（ ）passed since we began to study English.

（2）作并列主语的单数名词前分别有each ，every ，no 修饰时

Each boy and each girl（ ）to work hard.（want ）

No teacher and no student（ ）the film.（like ）

（3）作主语的单数名词前有more than one，many a等修饰时虽表示复数概念，但谓语动词仍用单数

Many a student（ ）fond of the story.（be ）

More than one question（ ）raised at the meeting yesterday.

另：one and a half后跟名词复数，谓语动词仍用单数。如

One and a half bananas（ ）left on the table.（be ）

（4）neither ，either 作主语时

Neither of the two men（ ）swimming. （like ）

（5）主语是the number of +名词的复数时，谓语动词用单数；主语是a number of +名词复数时，谓语动词用复数 The number of the teachers here（ ）about 300.（be ）

A number of the teachers（ ）working hard every day.

（6）单个的不定式、动名词或主语从句作主语时

Reading novels in one’s spare（ ）enjoyable. （be ）

What we need most at present（ ）time. （be ）

注意：当用and 连接两个动名词、不定式或主语从句时，表示两个不同的概念，谓语用复数。如：

What he says and what he does（ ）agree. （助动词do ）

3. 谓语动词由主语代表的单数或复数意义决定的情况

（1）family ，team ，audience ，class ，club ，committee ，company ，crowd ，enemy ，group ，government ，party ，population ，crew ，staff ，public ，army 等名词，强调整体时，谓语动词用单数；强调其中的成员时，谓语动词用复数

My family（ ）a happy one.（be ）

My family（ ）sports. （like ）

The population of China（ ）very large and eighty-five percent of the population（ ）farmers. （be ）

（2）由分数、百分数或half of，plenty of，the rest of，a lot of，lots of，most of修饰的名词做主语时，谓语动词数的形式须依照名词的数确定；但：a quantity of +名词+单数，quantities of +名词+复数

20% of the students（ ）from the countryside.（be ）

（3）当主语是all ，some ，most ，half ，the rest，none 等词时，谓语动词的数取决于这些词所代表的数

All of the architects（ ）fond of comedies.（be ）

All of the milk（ ）bad. （be ）

注：none 指代不可数名词，谓语用单数；指代可数名词，谓语单复数均可。如

None of the trainees（ ）|（ ）turned up.（助动词）

（4）由kind ，form ，type ，sort ，species 等词作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于这些词的单复数

Some new forms of art（ ）discussed at the meeting yesterday.

另：a kind of，a pair of，a series of修饰名词作主语时，谓语一般用单数。如

A pair of shoes（ ）on the bed.（be ）

比较：

This kind of men（ ）dangerous. （中心词为kind ）

Men of this kind（ ）dangerous. （中心词为men ）

（5）sheep ，deer ，fish ，means ，species ，works （工厂），Chinese ，Japanese 等单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据意义而定

The deer（ ）in sight.（be ）

（6）人称代词you ，such 作主语时，它所代替的单复数决定谓语动词

Such （ ）his project，such （ ）the results.（be ）

（7）定语从句谓语的单复数由先行词决定

在one of +复数名词+who| that| which引导的从句中，谓语动词与先行词保持一致

She is one of the girls who（ ）short messages in class. （send ）

但是，当one 之前有the| the only| the very等修饰词时，从句谓语动词用单数

She is the only one of the girls that（ ）her hair dyed red in our class.（have ）

4. 谓语动词由前者决定：就前原则

（1）由Here ，There 引导的句子，如有多个并列的主语，谓语动词的形式与最靠近它的第一个主语保持一致 There （ ）an MP3，three disks on the desk.（be ）

There （ ）three disks，an MP3 on the desk.（be ）

（2） 当主语后面接as well as，as much as，no less than，along with，with ，like ， rather than，together with，but ，except ，besides ，including ，in addition to等引导的短语时，谓语动词的形式取决于主语的单复数

The room with the furniture in it（ ）rented yesterday.

The students as well as the teacher（ ）moved by the film last night.

5. 谓语动词由后者决定：就近原则

（1）当主语由or ，either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, not...but等连接时，谓语动词的形式与后者保持一致 Bob or his parents（ ）waiting in the room.

Either you or he（ ）to blame.

（2）在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的形式与其后面的主语保持一致

The following（ ）some other examples.（be ）

Between the two windows（ ）my raincoat.（hang ）

四. 名词的用法补充

1. 名词作状语

（1）表次数、距离、方向、程度、价值、状态的名词可用作副词

I told you many times.

I can’t move even an inch.

（2）在比较级的形容词或副词，以及too... 之前的名词，是副词性的名词

I got up an hour earlier| too early this morning.

（3）表示时间的名词前有one ，some ，this ，that ，last ，next ，every ，all 等词修饰时，该词组用作状语，前面不用加介词

His mother kept washing all day.

One day she happened to meet me on her way home from school.

1. Neither the detective nor his assistants ______( be) after the murderer now.

2. We were told that two thirds of the milk ______( be) for the children in the kindergarten, 40 percent of whom ______( be)

under the age of 4.

3. No one but her cousins ______ ( allow) to enter her study at that time.

4. It ______( be) Annie Sullivan and her bright student, Helen Keller, who will always be remembered for their imagination

and creation.

5. On the wall ______( be) some paintings by a famous artist.

1. Niagara Falls is a greatest tourist______, drawing millions of visitors every year.

A. attention B. attraction C. appointment D. arrangement

2. ----Mary divorced again last week.

----Why did she do a thing like that? It seems to make no ______.

A. difference B. comment C. sense D. meaning

3. “ All ______ present and all ______going on well,” said the teacher.

A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are

4. He was ______ as a designer, which was ______ to us all.

A. a success; a surprise B. success; surprise C. a success; surprise D. success; a surprise

5. School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous ______.

A. states B. conditions C. situations D. positions

6. Finding information in today’s world is easy. The ______is how you can tell if the information you get is useful or not.

A. ability B. competition C. challenge D. knowledge

7. To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their ______ and weaknesses.

A. strengths B. benefits C. techniques D. values

8. When Jane began to take swimming lessons, her main ______ was the fear of water.

A. evidence B. crisis C. obstacle D. danger

9. You can never consider ______ of art can be made in ______ small works.

A. such work; such B. such a work; such C. such work; such a D. such a work; such a

10. ----I’am afraid I can’t pay you till Friday.

----That ’s all right. There is no ______.

A. need B. worry C. problem D. hurry

11. As a writer, he succeeded in calling ______ to many of the terrible wrongs that appeared at that time.

A. interest B. attention C. notice D. care

12. That they have adapted themselves to the new surroundings ______ obvious.

A. is B. are C. was D. were

13. So far every means ______tired, but in vain.

A. have been B. has been C. are D.was

14. All present at the meeting ______ for the plan that trees should be planted on ______of the road.

A. is; both side B. are; either side C. is; both sides D. are; every side

15. ----The education system rather than the teacher______to answer for the overburden on the students.

----I agree. I hope the reform being carried out in our country will bring the ______results.

A. ares; desired B. is; desired C. are; desiring D. is; desiring

16. Every student as well as parents who ______to attend the meeting ______asked to come to the lecture hall before 7pm.

A. are; are B. is; is C. are; is D. is; are

17. What ______my problems years ago ______become yours.

A. were; have B. was; has C. was; have D. were; has

18. All the employees except the manager ______to work online at home.

A. encourages B. encourage C. is encouraged D. are encouraged

19. No one in the department but Tom and I ______that the director is going to resign.

A. knows B. know C. have known D. am to know

20. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth ______each year.

A. is washing away B. is being washed away C. are washing away D. are being washed away

答案：B C C A C C A C D D B A B B B C D D A D