英语句型结构与句子成分划分
高一英语初高中衔接练习
第二讲 英语句型结构与句子成分划分
一、句子类型
(1)、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）构成的句子。
1) 简单句的类别
1. 陈述句（肯定句、否定句）
2. 疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意
3. 祈使句 4. 感叹句（How + adj. ( +S + V) ! What + n. ( +S + V) !
2) 简单句的基本词序
主语 谓语 宾语 状语
I bought a hat yesterday.
The children ran home.
The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.
We ate our meal in silence.
The car stopped suddenly.
A young girl walked confidently on the stage.
(2)、并列句：由两个或两个以上等立而又 相互独立的简单句构成，两个简单句由并列连词连在一起。 其结构是： 简单句+并列连词+简单句 he wasn’t discouraged. he didn’t speak clearly I didn’t hear well.
(3)、复合句：简单句中的某一个成分由一个句子来充当。
1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
1) What he said just now is right. 2) He said that he had seen the film.
3) This is why he didn’t go to school.
4) The news that he has passed the exam made me happy.
引导名词性从句的连词有:
that, which, if, whether, who, whom, whose, when ,how, where, why, ever.
2. 修饰性（形容词性）从句：定语从句
1) The man who is standing there is White.
2) The building which was built is a school. 3) This is the place where I lived.
引导定语从句的连词有：
that, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, why.
3. 副词性从句：状语从句
(条件、时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、让步状语从句）
引导状语从句的连词有：
when, while, as, as soon as, after, since, until, till, where, if, unless, because, in order that, so…that…, though, wherever, whenever, as …as, not so…as, than
二. 句子成分划分
. 讨论题: 找出下列句子中相应的成分：
1.Subject (主语) The sun rises in the east.
2.Predicate. （谓语） We study English.
3. Object（宾语） We love China.
4. Predictive（表语） We are Chinese.
5.Attributive/Attribute（定语） This is a difficult problem.
6.Completement(补语) We elected him monitor.
7.Adverbial （状语） He runs fast.
8.Appositive （同位语） This is Miss Zou, my teacher.
9.Parenthesis （插入语） To be frank, I don’t agree with you.
句子成分的分类
1. 主语: 主语表示句子要说明的人或事物。一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。
1) The students study hard.
2) He usually goes to school at 7:30.
3) One and one make two.
4) To tell a lie is wrong.
5) Learning a foreign language takes a long time.
6) Who taught you English last year?
2. 谓语:说明主语的动作或状态。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致
(1) 由动词的各种时态语态表示。
1) He goes to school every day. 2) They are swimming.
3) She caught up with the others very quickly.
4) This kind of machine is made in China.
(2) 由“情态动词+动词原形”表示。 We must work hard at English.
The recorder can be repaired in two days.
(3) 由“连系动词+表语”表示。My father is a doctor.
He feels better today.
3. 表语: 表语和连系动词一起构成谓语，表示 主语的性质、特征、身份等。一般由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词或短语充当。
1) Her uncle is a teacher. 3) The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
4. 宾语: 动作的承受者
1) The child needs help. 2) They all helped us. 3) I hope to see you again.
4) Tom likes swimming 5) He gave me a map of the world. 6) I’ll lend it to you tomorrow.
7) My mother bought a skirt for me.
有些及物动词需要两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的
叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但为了强调间接宾语，可把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语前加介词to 或for.
5. 宾语补足语
有些动词除需要一个宾语外，还得有一个宾语补足语，句子意义才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，这是宾语和宾语补足语的主要依据。
1) We found the story quite interesting. 2) We asked him to help us.
3) I saw a child playing on the grass.
6. 定语: 定语修饰名词或代词。
1) Our classroom is clean and bright. 2) The book here is very interesting.
3) The man in a brown jacket is my father.
4) This is the house where I lived three years ago.
5) The students’ reading-room is on the second floor.
英语中放在被修饰词（中心词）前面的成为前置定语放在被修饰词后面的称为后置定语。一般来说，当定语修饰some, any, every, no 等所构成的复合不定代词时，定语需后置。
1) I have something important to tell you.
2) There is nothing wrong with the sentence.
7. 状语
修饰动词、形容词或副词，也可以修饰整 个句子。状语说明地点、时间、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度等。如果状语和地点状语同时出现，一般是时间状语放在最后，地点状语放在时间状语之前。
He was born in shanghai in 1970.
The meeting is to be held in Room 401 tomorrow evening.
8. 同位语
This is Mr.Zhou, our teacher.
9. 插入语
To be honest, I don’t agree with you.
三. 五种简单句的结构
１. 主语＋连系动词＋表语
连系动词的类别:
(1) be
(2) 感官动词：look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, feel
(3) 表持续的动词：remain, keep , stay, continue
(4) 表变化的动词：get, become, turn, grow ,
练习1: 翻译下列句子:
1) 这座花园香气怡人。
2) 丝绸摸起来又软又滑。 ２. 主语＋不及物动词 (常+状语)
Tom died.
练习2: 翻译下列句子:
3) 水开了. 4) 我们努力学习。
5) 火车就要开了。
6) 旗帜在风中飘动。 ３. 主语＋及物动词＋宾语
We study English.
４. 主语＋及物动词＋间宾＋直宾
练习3: 翻译下列句子:
7) 我给他一些钱．
8) 他为我买了一本书． ▲一些间接宾语可改成由to 引起的短语，表示动作向谁。
▲一些间接宾语可改成由for 引起的短语，表示动作为谁
５. 主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾补
练习3: 翻译下列句子:
9) 我们认为这工作容易。
10) 我们选他当班长。 练习4: 翻译下列句子:
11) 那消息使我很高兴。 12) 他听见有人在开门。 13) 那故事使我们笑了起来。▲There be 结构
There is a computer on the desk.
练习5: 翻译下列句子:
14) 课室里有很多桌子。
15) 树下有一个漂亮的女孩。 练习6: 划分下列斜体字部分的句子成分:
1.The price is going down a bit in the car market abroad.
2. The young should respect the old.
3. Laying eggs is ant queen’s full-time job.
4. She was the first to win the Nobel Prize twice.
5.He returned a white-haired, wise old man.
6.To swim across the Channel is a wonderful experience.
7. There remains much to talk about.
8. How long did the Civil war last ?
9. The dying is taken good care of in his hospital.
10.There is no need to have further discussion about it.
11. All has changed since the rules were made.
12. It doesn’t matter whether it rains or not.
13. It sounds like a train that is going under the house.
14. The man was found dead the next day.
15. What people need most now is the sense of safety?
16. On the top of the hall flies a red flag.
五种简单句的结构
1) .The garden smells pleasant.2) .Silk feels soft and smooth. 3) The water boiled. 4) We study hard. 5) The train is starting. 6) The flag is flowing in the wind. 7) I gave him some money. (I gave some money to him) 8) He bought me some books. ( He bought some books for me) 9) I think the job easy.
10) We elected him monitor. 11) The news made me happy. 12) I heard somebody knocking at the door. 13) The story made us laugh. 14) There were many desks in the classroom. 练习6: 划分下列斜体字部分的句子成分 15) There is a pretty girl under the tree. :
1.The price is going down a bit in the car market abroad.
谓 定adv.
2. The young should respect the old.
主adj. 谓 vt.
3. Laying eggs is ant queen’s full-time job.
主 Ger 表n.
4. She was the first to win the Nobel Prize twice.
表num
5. He returned a white-haired, wise old man.
谓 vi. 定par-/adj.
6. To swim across the Channel is a wonderful experience.
主 Inf
7. There remains much to talk about.
主pron. 定 Inf
8. How long did the Civil war last ?
状adv. 谓 vi.
9. The dying is taken good care of in his hospital.
主adj. 状 prep.
10. There is no need to have further discussion about it.
定 Inf
11. All has changed since the rules were made.
主pron. 状从
12. It doesn’t matter whether it rains or not.
谓 vi 主从
13. It sounds like a train that is going under the house.
表prep. 定从
14. The man was found dead the next day.
谓 vi 补adj.
15. What people need most now is the sense of safety?
主从 表 n.
16. On the top of the hall flies a red flag.
状 prep. 主 n.