地球表层系统
2013年研究生课程《地球表层系统》作业
说明：（1）本作业包括5题，每题20分；（2）下期开学一月内交纸质版。
一、翻译：
This paper examines possible adaptations to climate change in terms of pasture and crop land use and stocking rate in the United States (U.S.). Using Agricultural Census and climate data in a statistical model, we find that as temperature and precipitation increases agricultural commodity producers respond by reducing crop land and increasing pasture land. In addition, cattle stocking rate decreases as the summer Temperature-humidity Index (THI) increases and summer precipitation decreases. Using the statistical model with climate data from four General Circulation Models (GCMs), we project that land use shifts from cropping to grazing and the stocking rate declines, and these adaptations are more pronounced in the central and the southeast regions of the U.S. Controlling for other farm production variables, crop land decreases by 6 % and pasture land increases by 33 % from the baseline. Correspondingly, the associated economic impact due to adaptation is around −14 and 29 million dollars to crop producers and pasture producers by the end of this century, respectively. The national and regional results have implications for farm programs and subsidy policies.
二、翻译：
生态系统作为生物圈的重要组成部分, 它在维持生命的支持系统和环境的动态平衡方面起着的不可取代的重要作用, 其提供的各项服务功能已得到世界的公认。开展陆地生态系统服务的研究也已成为生态系统恢复、生态功能区划和建立生态补偿机制、保障国家生态安全的重大战略需求。近30年以来, 国际和国内基于各种时空尺度的自然资源价值评估工作从生态系统服务、自然资本、生态资产、生物多样性等角度大量展开, 在相关理论、方法和应用的广度和深度上取得了前所未有的进展，尽管在具体的价值核算方法上还存在较大分歧, 但该方面研究的思路和框架已逐渐清晰, 尤其是近些年来更侧重于生态系统“结构-过程-服务功能”关系的耦合研究和作为人类活动主导下的城市生态系统服务功能方面的研究, 这些反过来也都为陆地生态系统服务功能的进一步深入研究提供了强有力的支持。
三、论述遥感技术的发展趋势。
四、结合各自的专业，论述RS/GIS对地理学研究的作用与意义。
五、论述我国雾霾的危害与成因、空间观测技术在治理与研究雾霾灾害中的作用。