小宝式驳论文

Argument

--Arranged by Scholes88

1.审题，分析逻辑结构——1min

2.开头 ——4mins

3.正文——7mins / paragraph

4.结尾——3mins

5.检查 —— 1~2mins

一、argument写作特点

驳论文：驳的是logic

CAE=coclusion+assumption+evidence

二、argument 整体结构

1、开头段：归纳conclusion, 指明逻辑错误个数

2、正文：分类攻击各个错误（独立与组合）。可在一个错误段中加一句攻击一个小错误

3、结尾段：总结归纳

三、如何写开头段

发起攻击

CEF=conclusion + evidence + flaw

C: 80%的题目结论在段首末句，10%在段中，10%先提出一个结论然后自己再攻击自己的结论

四、开头写法：

1. Merely based on the unfounded assumptions and dubious(suspicious) evidence, the statement draws the conclusion that …. To substantiate (support/strengthen) the conclusion, the arguer points out the evidence that… In addition, he indicates that … Furthermore, he cites a result of recent survey in support of his recommendation. At first glance (sight), this argument appears to (seems to ) be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits substantiate concerns that should be addressed in the argument. From the logical perspective, the argument suffers from N logical flaws.

2. In this argument, the author concluded that … To support his conclusion, the author points out that … In addition, he infers that … Furthermore, the arguer cites … as a typical evidence in support of his recommendation. However, these alone do not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion, and fails to provide convincing evidence making this argument sound and invulnerable.

五、如何写正文段

顺序式攻击（1-2-3）； 主次式攻击（主要-次要）；让步式攻击（逻辑排列）

A不成立；即使A成立，B也不成立；即使A,B都成立，C还是不成立。

六、正文段首句

1. The threshold problem with this argument is that…

2. Another problem that weakens the logic of this argument is that…

3. Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out the last flaw involved in this argument.

七、如何写结尾段：

总结陈词：C+S=conclusion+suggestion

八、结尾段的具体写法：

To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate his claim that…, because the evidence he cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the argument maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the author would have to provide more information with regard to ….(S1). Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that …(S2). Therefore, if the argument had included the given(assumed) factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.

九、各个逻辑错误：

1、调查类错误：

攻击体系：

(1) Procedure

B. Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of … and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge (access) … generally (universally). The number of responds / samples , in itself, does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the samples includes only…, then the results would no doubt suggest… Or if the grosses are considerable, 1500(N) would account for only little percentage, which would render the result of the survey meaningless.

C. We are not informed whether the survey responses are anonymous, even confidential, if they were not…

(2) Result of survey

A. Do the statistics make any meaningfulness?

B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague?

C. Respondents

(3)Who conducted the survey?

Cross-bencher 第三方机构

Non-aligned 客观的

(4)When was the survey conducted?

A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey it does, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels.

(5)调查类错误词汇：

1.n. survey, questionnaire, statistics, statistical study, sample, specimen(样本), sampling, randomness, quantity, quality, statistic, poll, absolute value, percentage, validity, statistic validity, range, spectrum, scope

2. v. select, chose, sample, indagate(调查，采样), examine, investigate, scrutinize(仔细检查), comprise

3. adj. valid, authentic, random, quantitative, statistical, representative, typical, characteristic, far-ranging, comprehensive, extensive, generally, universally, rifely(普遍的)

2.充分条件类错误：

充分类标志词：once, will (be going to )

必要类标志词：only, without, necessary

Ex. The editor’s recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B. However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors , including C or D, might be the cause of B. (To be specific, …..). Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by A- can B-.(解决之后的转述)

条件类错误必用词汇：

1. n. condition, requirement, necessity, sufficient condition, sufficiency, outcome, aftermath

2. v. constitute, establish, suffice, result in, induce, render, exclude

3 adj. sufficient, necessary, perforce(adv.必要性), required

3. 因果关系类错误：

因果关系错误标志词：for, cause, reason, since, link, correlation, connection, therefore, and 时序性因果：because, after this, since then, therefore, consequent

攻击体系：

Ex. Based on the fact that A occurred after B. the editor infers that B should be responsible for A. However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice(证明) to prove that the earlier development caused the later one. It might have resulted from some other events instead: C,D,E….- to just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between A and B, upon which the editor’s recommendation depends.

同时因果类错误：meanwhile, also, with, during, under, over, parallel

因果关系写作：

n. relation, causation（因果联系）, relevancy, conjunction, connection, nexus（联系）, association, linkage

v. associate, link, connect, relate to, ignore, neglect, lose sight of

adj. Relation, relevant, causal, related, sequent, traceable

4. 范围变化类错误

表征现象：a/题干引言与正文现象之间的范围变化；b/正文内部论据与论据之间的范围变化

标志词：Nationwide, statewide, throughout, overall, across, average…（一般是名词上的偷换）

(1) 攻击“概念错误”

A threshold problem involves the definition of A. The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as B, then C, is irrelevant to … In short, without a clear definition of A, it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.

(2) 攻击个体推整体

The argument resets on the assumption that (个体案例) typify nationwide (整体情况). If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that (在另一个地方， 上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况). Thus, lacking more marketing information about… nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation.

(3)攻击整体推个体

One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about… applies equally to 个体成员,. Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps …; or perhaps … . Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that…

(4)范围变化类错误词汇：

n. scope, localization, diversity, variety, individual, unit, whole

v. extend, expand, broaden, enlarge, spread, shrink(缩水), differentiate, distinguish adj. overall, generally, extensive(整体的), entire, diverse, dissimilar, multiplex(多元的)

5.考虑不全面错误

(1)没有考虑正负得失

(2)没有考虑可行性

标志词：profit, profitable, profitability

Profit错误体系：

The author concludes that … is unwarranted. Profit is a factor relating to not only revenue, but also cost. It’s entirely possible that the cost of A, or other cost associated with B,C, will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other unexpected occurrences, such as unfavorable economic depression, might prevent … from being as profitable as the argument predicts.

考虑不全的词汇:

n. disadvantage, drawback, demerit, advantage, merit, value, worthiness, pros and cons (正反两面), revenue, income, gap, proceeds(收入), profit, margin, gain, cost, feasibility(可行性) v. consider, balance, weigh, compare

adj. all-round（全面的）= all-sided, one-sided(片面的), unilateral(片面的)

6.时间外推类错误

（1）过去 不可以 推出 将来

（2）现在 不可以 推出 将来

标志词：

Tow years age, last year

Trend, tendency, continue, remain, stay

体系：

The author claims that…(将来), because …（过去）. This assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended period of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between (过去) and (将来). For example, …(将来); however, …（过去）. Any of these scenarios if true, would serve to undermine the claim that….

词汇：

n. trend, tendency, direction, fixedness, diversification

v. forecast, anticipate, expect, continue, remain, alter, inflect, shift(shift from… to… ),

transfer

adj. by past, fore past(过去的), current, present, intending, continued, changeless, unaltered, variable

7.论据含糊：

(1)含有主观性词汇：promise, guess…

(2)关联型FA

词汇归纳：vague, invalid, void, ill-defined, indistinct, unclear

8.错误类比

(1)FA错误

(2)不完整比较

(3)横比/纵比

标志词：similar, same, nearby, neighboring…两个行业名称，两个公司，两个国家 表征现象：

题干引言————题目正文

题目正文：论据————结论

两错误叠加

体系：

The arguer’s recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that … in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that …(A与B得差异), in short, without accounting for such possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot prove that B will reap(收割) the similar benefits from the proposed method.

词汇：

n. analogy, comparison, similarity, comparability, parallelism(相似性)

adj. analogically, homologous, analogous, distinct, dissimilar, disparate(完全不相关) v. resemble, differ, vary, distinguish, discriminate, secern(区分)

9.非此即彼类错误

（难）因为原理有两个：

原理1. 对于question:有AB两个reasons, AB可能都不是真正原因，而C是

原理2. 对于question:有AB两个reasons，AB可能都是原因|”A,B can be coexist.” 标志词：either … or…

体系：

1、全否定：Even assuming A is not the reason for C, the arguer falsely assumes that C must be attributable to B. This “either-or” argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of C. Perhaps D, or perhaps E.

2、共存: The editor seems to make two irreconcilable (incompatible) claims. One is A; the other is B. However, this assumption presents a false dilemma, since A,B are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives.

10. Un warranted assumption 无理假设

——不推荐，因为任何错误都可以用。可以做备用。

11. all-any-anything 绝对化逻辑错误。

——建议在结尾以一句话带过。

All, best, any, anything, everything…

题库串讲：

A2, A4, A6, A12, A21, A20, A23, A28, A38, A42, A44, A76, A78