2012级药学英语上册汇总

一、课文部分

Unit One Text A Introduction to Physiology

building block

connective tissue

epithelial tissue

anabolism

catabolism

deoxyribonucleic acid

glucose

glycogen

gonad

homeostasis

matrix

nitrogen

osmolality

osmoreceptor

potassium

trachea

bronchi

plasma membrane

课文中句子（英译汉）: blood clotting glial cell atria ventricle cardiovascular system respiratory system gastrointestinal tract urinary tract reproductive system endocrine feces glucagon ganglia embryo body fluid fertilized egg

1. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities; how it feeds, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations.

它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。

2. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology-the replication of the genetic code for example-many are specific to particular groups of organisms.

尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的，如基因编码的复制，但许多过程还是某些生物群体特有的。

3. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs.

尽管我们对志愿者进行了重要的生理研究，但是实验条件需要精确控制，我们当前大多生理知识源于对其他动物如青蛙、兔子、猫、狗等的研究。

4. The heart consists of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles, which form a pair of pumps arranged side by side. The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.

心脏有四个腔，其中有两个心房和两个心室，构成了一对并排存在的泵。右心室将去氧的血液泵至肺中，血液在肺中吸收空气中的氧气，而左心室把从肺回流来的有氧血液泵出至身体其他部位，供应给各组织。

5. The carbon dioxide produced by the respiratory activity of the tissues is carried to the lungs by the blood in the pulmonary artery where it is excreted in the expired air.

组织呼吸活动中释放的二氧化碳由肺动脉中的血液运送至肺，然后呼气排除体外。

6. This activity depends on electrical signals which, in turn, depend on the concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the extracellular and intracellular fluids. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.

这一活动取决于电信号，而电信号反过来决定于存在于细胞外和细胞内体液中钠和钾离子的浓度。如果细胞外液中钾离子过多，心肌细胞兴奋性增强，从而引起不规律的收缩。

7. If the body tissues are being built up, as is the case for growing children, pregnant women and athletes in the early stages of training, the daily intake of protein is greater than the normal body turnover and the individual is in positive nitrogen balance.

如果机体组织正处于生长期，比如生长期的儿童、孕妇和处于早期训练阶段的运动员，那么蛋白质的日常摄入量比正常机体所需要的多，此时个体处于正氮平衡状态。

8. A negative feedback loop is a control system that act to maintain the level of some variables within a given range following a disturbance. A feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables. Thus an osmoreceptor should respond to changes in osmolality of the body fluids but not to changes in body temperature or blood pressure.

负反馈环是在机体出现紊乱时，将一些变量控制在限定范围内的一个控制系统。负反馈需要一种能对不确定的变量作出反应而对其他生理变量不应答的感受器。因此，渗透压感受器能对机体体液渗透的变化产生应答，而不是对体温和血压的变化产生应答。

9. The body is actually a social order of about 100 trillion cells organized into different functional structure, some of which are called organs. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostasis conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly.

机体实际上是把100万亿个细胞组成了不同的功能结构的‘社会秩序’，其中一些功能结构被称为器官。每个功能结构或多或少维持着细胞外液即内环境的稳态。只要内环境处于正常状态，机体细胞就继续生存并正常运行。

课后汉译英：

1. 我们每天摄入的食物必须满足需要，任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。

Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained.

2. 人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力，从而为自身活动释放足够的能量。

Humen cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for thier activities.

Unit Three Text B The other side of antibiotics

personal experience

ointment

mumps

measles

fungi

chemotherapy

antimicrobial agent

staphylococcus erythromycin bactericidal agent bacteriostatic agent para-aminosalicylic acid isoniazid aseptic measure

prevalence tuberculosis

anaphylactic reaction long-range value

tetracycline cure-alls

chloramphenicol narrow-spectrum

mastitis broad-spectrum

precaution currently available medicine

diarrhea antibiotics

anal anaphylactic reaction

cross-infection acquired resistance

super-infection allergy

streptomycin dosage form

complications

课文句子：

1. Antibiotics have eliminated or controlled so many infectious diseases that virtually everyone has benefited from their use at one time or another. Even without such personal experience, however, one would have to be isolated indeed to be unaware of the virtues, real and speculative, of these “miracle ” drugs. The American press, radio and television have done a good job of reporting the truly remarkable story of successes in the chemical war on germs. 抗生素可以消除或者控制很多种感染疾病，以致几乎每人生病时都习惯于使用它而受益，但是如果一个人没有这样的亲身经历，他必定是离群索居才会不知道这些‘特效药物’或真实或推测的优点。美国的出版物、电台或电视台用大量的篇幅报道了有关对细菌的化学战中获得的这些显著成绩。

2. Anaphylactic reaction happens less frequently and is less severe when the antibiotics is given by mouth. It is most apt to occur in people with a history of allergy, or a record of sensitivity to penicillin. Other untoward reactions to antibiotics are gastrointestinal disorders—such as sore mouth, cramps, diarrhea or anal itch—which occur most frequently after use of the tetracycline group but have also been encountered after use of penicillin and streptomycin. These reactions may result from suppression by the antibiotic of bacteria normally found in the gastrointestinal tract. With their competition removed, antibiotic-resistant staphylococci or fungi, which also are normally present, are free to flourish and cause what is called a super-infection. Such infection can be extremely difficult to cure.

口服抗生素将使过敏频率降低或降低严重性。青霉素过敏或有过敏史者更容易发生。

3. However, these drugs —even allowing for the diverse abilities of the many narrow-spectrum ones and the versatility of the broad-spectrum ones —are not the cure-alls they often are billed as being. In addition, some microorganisms originally sensitive to the action of antibiotics, especially staphylococcus, have developed resistant strains. This acquired resistance imposed on the long-range value of the drugs a very important limitation, which is not adequately met by the frequent introduction of new antimicrobial agents to combat the problem.

课后汉译英：

2. 制药工业在探索和开发新药的同时还要对抗现有抗生素不断增长的微生物耐药性，这将是一条漫长的道路。

3. 应该大力鼓励医生、制药业以及公众态度的改变。必须将抗生素视为一种应被谨慎使用并且仅在真正必需时才使用的宝贵资源。

Unit Four Text B Adverse drug reactions

etiology

atopy

benoxaprofen

dexfenfluramine

digoxin

felbamate

fenfluramine

herbicide

impotence

intracranial

lethargy

mandatory

课文句子： neonate nephropathy neuroleptic pathophysiology polymorphism temafloxacin tranquillizer troglitazone warfarin

1.Type A reactions, which constitute the great majority of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug’s main pharmacological effect(e.g.bleeding from warfarin) or a low herapeutic index(e.g.nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.

2.Such reactions are usually due to incorrect dosage(too much or too long), for the individual patient or to di sordered pharmacokinetics, usually impaired drug elimination. The term “side-effects” is often applied to minor type A reactions.

3.The underlying pathophysiology of type B reactions is poorly if at all understood, and often has a genetic or immunological basis.

4.Exposure to drugs in the population is thus substantial, and the incidence of adverse reactions must be viewed in this context.

5.It would detect rare but severe adverse drug reactions, but would not be overwhelmed by common ones, the incidence of which would quantify together with predisposing factors.

6.The problem of adverse drug reaction recognition is much greater if the reaction resembles spontaneous disease in the population, such that physician are unlikely to attribute the reaction to drug exposure. The numbers of patients that must be exposed to enable such reactions to be detected are probably greater than those quoted by more than one or two orders of magnitude.

课后汉译英：

1. 从临床来看，大多数药物的不良反应属于A 型不良反应，它主要是由药物的主要药理作用或者低治疗指数引起的。

2. 无法从药物的主要药理作用预期到、与药物剂量无关、较严重且死亡率高的不良反应叫做B 型不良反应。

Unit Five Text A Combinatorial chemistry and new drugs

trillion

pathogen

polystyrene

pharmacopoeia

trial and error

remedy

alkaloid steroid neurotransmitter endocrine hormone sulphonamide hydrophobic

hydrophilic

课文句子：

1.To fight disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organism

2.They typically begin by looking for signs of a desired activity in almost anything they can find, such as diverse collections of synthetic compounds or of chemicals derived from bacteria, plants or other natural sources.

3.By performing dozens or sometimes hundreds of reactions at the same time and then testing to see whether the resulting peptides would bind to the particular antibody of interest, he rapidly found the active peptides from a large universe of possible molecule.

4.Chemists often start a combinatorial synthesis by attaching the first set of building blocks to inert, microscopic beads made of polystyrene(often referred to as solid support).

5.The trade off, however, is that keeping track of such large number of compounds and then testing them for biological activity, can become quite complicated.

6. Scientists can pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, using sensitive detection techniques, determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached.

Unit Seven Text A Biopharmaceutics

Administer Peroral

Aqueous Plasma

Arterial Portal

Bioavailability Prodrug

Capillary Stability

Circulation Suspension

Dissolution Venous

Dynamic Equilibrium

Endothelium Assay

Gelatin Elimination

Hepatic Absorption

Intramuscular dosage form

Intravenous gastrointestinal barrier

Mesenteric hepatic portal circulation

Permeation

课文句子：

1.In the case of systemically acting drug(i.e. drugs that reach these sites via the systemic circulation) ，it is generally accepted for clinical purposes that a dynamic equilibrium exists between the concentration of drug at its site(s) of action and the concentration of drug in blood plasma.

2.Strictly speaking, the concentration of drug in plasma water (i.e. protein-free plasma) is a more accurate index of drug concentration at the site(s) of action than the concentration of drug in whole plasma since a drug may often bind in a reversible manner to plasma protein.

3.Only drug which is unbound(i.e. dissolved in plasma water) can pass out of the plasma through the capillary endothelium and reach other body fluids and tissues and hence its site(s) of action. Drug concentration in whole blood is also not considered to be an accurate indirect index of the concentration of drug at its site(s) of action since drug can bind to and enter blood cells.

4.It has been assumed that the plasma drug concentration is directly proportional to the clinical effect of that drug.

5.Apart from the intravenous rout of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routs of administering systemically acting drugs involve the absorption of drug from the

place of administration into the blood.

6.The fraction of an administered dose of drug that reaches the systemic circulation in unchanged form is known as the bioavailable dose.

7.This definition of bioavailability would not be valid in the case of a prodrug, whose therapeutic action normally depends on it being converted into its therapeutically active form prior to or on reaching the systemic circulation.

8.Hence according to the definition of bioavailability, an administered dose of a particular drug in an oral dosage form will be 100%bioavailable only if the drug is completely released from the dosage form into solution in the gastrointestinal fluids.

9.Thus any factor which adversely affects either the release of the drug from the dosage form, its dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids, its stability in the gastrointestinal fluids, its permeation through and stability in the gastrointestinal barrier or its stability in the hepatic portal circulation will influence the bioavailability exhibited by that drug from the dosage form in which it was administered.

课后汉译英：

1. 吸收是药物自用药部位进入血液循环的过程。除直接注入血管者外，一般的给药方法都要经过细胞膜的转运。

3. 药物在体内分布多数是不均匀的，且处于动态平衡状态中，即随药物的吸收与排泄不断地变化着。

4. 药物进入血液后或多或少地将于血浆蛋白结合，但这种结合时疏松的，可逆的，经常处于动态平衡。

5. 生物利用度是指不同剂型的药物吸收进入体循环的相对分量与速度。它与药物作用的强度与速度有关。

Unit Nine Text A Nonclinical Development of Biopharmaceuticals

analog deoxynucleotide

monoclonal antibody heterogeneity

antidrug homology

antigen insulin

lymphocyte affinity

coagulation antisense

cytokine bioassay

phenotype biomarker

genotype counterpart,

glycoprotein crossreactivity

immunogenicity cross-recognition

immunotoxicity downstream

interleukin hybrid

ligand

课文句子：

1.Modern biologics are biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals(also designated as “biopharmaceuticals”, “biotech drug” or “biotherapeutics”) comprising different compound classes.

2.mABs are becoming more prominent and now represent the majority of biologics with more than 150

compounds(30%~50% of all biologics in development) in company-sponsored clinical studies. Antibody fragments and fusion proteins have great potential as innovative therapeutic agents with their targeted therapy approach versus functional approaches.

3.As is the case for small molecules, some toxicology studies do not necessarily have to be performed before first use in human but can be performed at later stages.

4.Immunogenicity as an inherent property of large molecules, like biologics, complicates the nonclinical testing strategy and needs an adapted experimental, as well as bioanalytical, testing strategy.

5.By contrast, biologics require several types of assay for quantification of the protein itself, its biological activity and the detection and characterization of binding ADAs, neutralizing ADAs and, if necessary(especially for clinical sample analysis), assays to monitor antibodies that might have been generated in response to host cell proteins and/or other(high molecular) impurities or compound constituents(e..PEG moieties).

6.When developing a PK assay strategy, the needs of the nonclinical and clinical development program have to be considered, such as sensitivity of the assay based on nonclinical and estimated clinical dose, planed combination treatments, estimated target levels, PK/PD modeling approaches and so on.

7.Looking beyond assay technologies, sample-clean procedures routinely used for small molecules(e.g. solvent extraction and affinity chromatography) can usually not be used for biologics.

8.These assays might suffer from lack of specificity owing to the potentially confounding influence of substances that modulate the biological activity of the compound of interest.

9.This is because adequate exposure needed for specific treatment regimens can be hindered by the formation of antidrug antibodies(ADAs) with drug neutralizing or accelerated clearance.

10.With molecular weight ranges above those of small molecules, biologics usually cause no effects owing to direct interaction with intracellular mechanisms that are not receptor mediated.

11.The primary requirement for a mAb is that it crossreacts with and functionally modulates the target antigen in the test animal species in a manner comparable with that of the human antigen.

12. The key is to characterize these models for antigen expression and functional integrity to compensate for the limited availability of historical test data known for traditional test animal models.

课后汉译英：

2. 生物药剂是含有（糖）蛋白的药物制剂，它们具有许多与小分子量药物不同的特性。

3. 在生物制剂安全性试验和临床试验计划中，必须将重点放在种属特异性应答、给药途径和给药方案的选择以及可能发生的免疫原性上。

Unit Eleven Text A The Package Insert and Prescription

antifreeze malpractice

antimicrobial pediatrician

indication pediatrics

contraindication sulfanilamide

enuresis adulterate

glycol antifreeze

imipramine

课文句子：

1.Is it a legal directive to the physician, or is it intended as a guide for the physician in prescribing a drug?

2.When sound scientific data exist which have shown that a drug is reasonably safe and effective in the treatment

of a specific disease in adult, it should not necessarily be withheld from a sick child with the same disease just because its use has not been studied in children.

3.Of particular concern to the anesthesiologist is the timely access to drug evaluation, pharmacologic and medical device data.

4.With the dramatic upsurge in the number of new prescription drugs and over-the-counter supplements, the need for up-to-date drug information has never been more crucial.

课后汉译英：

2. 如果药品新的用途没有写在药品说明书上，那么生产厂家就不能够做广告宣传这种新的用途。

二、前言部分

熟读以上各单元课文前的学科介绍内容。

1. 词汇部分只给出了英文，同学们自己写出对应的中文，要求每一个词汇的中、英文都要掌握；

2. 所给出的英文句子大部分源自课文，个别来自单元的学科介绍部分，要求会翻译成中文；

3. 汉译英是课后练习中的句子；

4. 每单元课文前的学科介绍部分要求大家熟读，了解学科概况。