法律英语unit-5翻译

1 In every society, there are mechanisms for the declaration, alteration, administration, and the enforcement of the rules by which people live. Not all societies, however, utilize a formal legal system (courts, judges, lawyers, and law enforcement agencies) to the same degree. Historically, law development and industrialization, urbanization, and modernization are closely intertwined. The law and society literature suggests that the more complex the society, the more differentiated the legal system. Underlying this proposition is the notion that legal development is conditioned by a series of demands stemming from society’s economic, political, educational, and religious institutions. Based on the complexity and magnitude of the interplay among the institutions and between these institutions and the law, several types of legal systems may be identified in the course of societal development.

1在每一个社会, 有机制的宣言, 变更、管理和人们生活的规则的执行。然而, 并不是所有的社会利用正式的法律制度(法院、法官、律师、和执法机构) 到相同的程度。从历史上看, 法律发展和工业化、城市化和现代化紧密地交织在一起。法律与社会文献表明, 社会越复杂, 越有区别的法律制度。底层这一命题的概念法律发展受制于一系列需求源于社会的经济、政治、教育和宗教机构。基于之间的相互作用的复杂性和规模之间的机构, 这些机构和法律, 几种类型的法律制度可能会发现在社会发展的过程中。

Primitive Legal Systems

基本法律制度

2 Primitive legal systems are typically found in hunting and gathering and simple agrarian societies. The laws are not written or codified; they are permeated by customs, tradition, religious dogmas, and values. Primitive laws often coexist with ancient norms, and are also comparatively undifferentiated. There is, however, some distinction between substantive laws and procedural laws. Subsequent differentiation of types at later stages of legal evolution can be compassed under these two types of law.

2原始法律体系通常是在狩猎和采集和简单的农业社会。法律不写或编纂; 他们被海关渗透, 传统, 宗教教条, 和价值观。原始的法律常常与古代准则共存, 也比较无差异。然而, 一些实体的法律和程序的法律之间的区别。随后分化类型的法律进化的后期可以围绕这两种类型的法律规定。

3 The functions of law in primitive societies are essentially the same as those in more advanced societies. Laws preserve important cultural elements. They coordinate interaction, settle disputes, check deviance, and regularize exchanges. Laws also legitimize existing inequalities.

3法律的功能在原始社会在本质上是相同的在更高级的社会。法律保护的重要的文化元素。他们协调互动, 解决争端, 检查异常, 调整交流。法律也合法化现有的不平等。

4 In primitive societies, there are no well-developed political subsystems, and the polity is composed of kin leaders, council of elders or chiefs, and various religious leaders. Legislators do not formally exist in primitive societies. In such societies, judges and political leaders (elders, and the like) are one and the same. Because there are no written laws, the chief-legislator can strike, rescind, or change old laws more easily than the modern legislator; and if such action appears reasonable, little resistance is offered. Obviously, getting old laws off the book in modern societies is rarely that easy.

4在原始社会中, 没有良好的政治子系统, 和亲属的政体是由领导人, 长老理事会或首领, 和各种宗教领袖。立法者不正式存在于原始社会。在这样的社会中, 法官和政治领导人(长老等) 是相同的。因为没有书面的法律,chief-legislator 可以罢工, 撤销, 或改变旧的法律比现代立法者更容易; 如果这些行动似乎合理, 提供一点抵抗力都没有。显然, 老了在现代社会法律的书很

少, 容易。

Transitional Legal Systems

过渡的法律体系

5 Transitional legal systems are characteristic of advanced agrarian and early industrial societies where the economic, educational, and political subsystems are increasingly differentiated from kinship relationships. As a result of increases in integrative problems, the legal subsystem becomes more complex and extensive, as evidenced by a clear-cut differentiation in basic legal elements------laws, courts, enforcement agencies, and legislative structures. In the transitional stage, most of the features of the modern legal system are present, but not to the same degree. Law becomes more differentiated from tradition, customs and religious dogma. Except for procedural laws and substantive laws, there is a distinction between public and private law, and criminal law also becomes distinguishable from torts. There is, similarly, a clearer differentiation between procedural and substantive laws. As the types of law increase, laws become systems of rules.

5过渡法律体系是先进的农业和工业社会初期特征的经济、教育和政治子系统从亲属关系越来越分化。由于增加的综合问题, 法律子系统变得更加复杂和广泛, 通过明确的分化在基本法律元素- - - - - -法律、法院、执法机构和立法结构。在过渡阶段, 大多数现代法律体系存在的特点, 而不是相同的程度。法律变得更加分化的传统, 习俗和宗教教条。除了程序性法律和实质性的法律, 公共和私人法律, 是有区别的, 刑法也成为侵权行为区分开来。同样, 更清晰的区分程序和实质性的法律。随着法律的类型增加, 法律成为规则的系统。

6 The increased differentiation of laws is reflected in the increased complexity of the courts. With the development of clearly differentiated, stable and autonomous courts, legal development accelerates. Initially, courts are localized and characterized by common-law decisions. In time, their conflicting and overlapping rules provide an impetus for the unification of a legal system, eventually leading to a more codified system of laws.

6法律分化的增加反映在法庭的增加了复杂性。的发展明显分化, 稳定和自治法院、法律发展加速。最初, 法院是本地化和特点是普通法的决定。随着时间的推移, 他们的冲突和重叠规则提供了一个动力的统一的法律体系, 最终导致更多的编纂的法律体系。

Modern Legal Systems

现代法律体系

7 In modern legal systems, we find all the structural features of transitional systems present, but in greater and more elaborate arrangements.

7在现代法律体系中, 我们发现所有在场的过渡系统的结构特点, 但在更大的和更复杂的安排。

8 In a modern, heterogeneous, and complex society, formal norms and sanctions are necessary to control behavior so that society can continue to function in an orderly and predictable fashion. The presence of law and legal system is essential to the maintenance of social order. In modern legal systems, there are clear hierarchies of laws, ranging from constitutional codes to regional and local codes. Courts have an important role in mediating and mitigating conflict, disputes, and deviance. Laws are enforced and court decisions are carried out by clearly differentiated and organized police forces, which are organized at the local state and federal levels. At the same time, legislative bodies at various levels proliferate as the result of political development. There is a greater emphasis on integrative problems and on enacting comprehensive laws. Accompanying the emergence of a stable legislature, well-planned and comprehensive law enactment can become an effective mechanism of social change.

8在现代、异构、复杂的社会, 正式规范和制裁是必要的控制行为, 这样社会才能继续运转有序的和可预测的时尚。法律和法律制度的存在对社会秩序的维护至关重要。在现代法律体系中, 法律有明显的层次结构, 从宪法规范区域和当地规程。法院调解和缓和冲突的一个重要角色, 纠纷和异常。法律执行, 法院的判决是由明确区分的和有组织的警察部队, 这是组织在当地的州和联邦的水平。与此同时, 立法机构各级增殖作为政治发展的结果。上有一个更加注重综合问题, 制定全面的法律。伴随一个稳定的立法机构的出现, 精心策划和全面的法律实施可以成为社会变革的一种有效机制。

9 In a modern society, law permeates all forms of social behavior. Its significance and pervasiveness resonate in all walks of life. In subtle and, at times, not so subtle ways, a complex and voluminous set of laws governs our every action. It determines registration at birth and the distribution of possession at death. Laws regulate prenuptial agreements, marriages, divorce, and the handling of dependent children. Laws control what we eat and where and what we buy and when. Laws protect the prevailing legal and political systems by defining power relationships, thus establishing who is superordinate and who is subordinate in any given situation. Laws not only protect private and public interests but also preserve social order. Laws maintain the status quo and provide the impetus for change. There is no end to the ways in which law has a momentous effect upon our society. In the eloquent words of Oliver Wendell Holmes “The law embodies the story of a nation’s development through many centuries,” and every legal system stands in close relationship to the ideas, aims, and purposes of society. Law reflects the intellectual, social, economic, and political climate of its time. It also reflects the particular ideas, ideals, and ideologies that are part of a distinct “legal culture”----those attributes of behavior and attitudes that make the law of one society different from that of another.

9在现代社会, 法律渗透到各种形式的社会行为。它的重要性, 在各行各业的普遍共鸣。在微妙的, 有时不那么微妙的方式, 一套复杂的法律支配我们的每一个行动。它决定了出生登记和占有的分布在死亡。法律规范婚前协议, 婚姻, 离婚, 和处理相关的孩子。法律控制我们吃什么, 我们购买和当。法律保护的法律和政治系统通过定义权力关系, 从而建立上级和下属在任何给定的情况下。法律不仅保护私人和公共利益, 也维护社会秩序。法律维持现状和提供动力的改变。没有结束的法律对我们的社会有重大的影响。奥利弗•温德尔•霍姆斯的雄辩的话说“法律体现了一个国家的故事通过几个世纪的发展,“每个法律体系站在亲密关系的想法, 目的, 和社会的目的。法律知识, 反映了社会、经济和政治环境的时间。它也反映了特定的思想、理想和意识形态的一种独特的“法律文化”——那些属性的行为和态度, 使一个社会的法律不同于另一个。