国际商务论文
FDI is short for foreign direct investment. It is a modern one of the main forms of internationalization of capital, in accordance with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) definition of FDI refers to the investors of a country's capital for the countries of production or business, and mastery of certain operational control of the investment behavior . It can be said that the residents of a country (region) entities (foreign direct investor or parent company) in another country outside the country (region) enterprises (foreign direct investment enterprises, branch companies or foreign branches) to establish long-term relationship, enjoy a lasting interest and control of investment, this investment involves both the initial transaction between the two entities also involved between the two, and whether joint or non-joint between the foreign affiliates all subsequent transactions.FPI mainly refers to the purchase of foreign companies, stocks and other securities investments, and long-term international credit. Foreign securities investment (FPI) foreign portfolio investment is also called the foreign indirect investment
Point of view, from the role of Fdi and Fpi their own strengths, complementary.role of Fdi on Fpi is: Fdi need a large number of supporting facilities of infrastructure and other aspects of the objective to stimulate the demand of the host country on the Fpi; Fdi help improve the competitiveness of the host country, to promote the imperfections of the host system and with international standards of the degree of foreign investment more secure, conducive to the inflow of a large number of Fpi; multinational Fdi itself needs to raise a lot of money on the international currency markets, which substantially increased the traffic of the
country's indirect investment. Pull the the Fpi right Fdi role lies in: the inflow of a large number of Fpi, help by the source country to raise a lot of money to improve the investment environment in the country (such as improving infrastructure construction, etc.), to improve to attract Fdi competitiveness.
The legal environment is derived partly from the political climate in a country and has three distinct dimensions to it:
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∙ The domestic laws of your home country The domestic laws of each of your foreign markets International law in general
Legal systems vary from country to country. You are likely to find that the legal systems in operation in the buyers' country are in many respects different from that of South Africa.
Domestic laws govern marketing within a country, e.g. the physical attributes of a product will be influenced by laws (designed to protect consumers) relating to the purity, safety or performance of the product. Domestic laws might also constrain marketers in the areas of product packaging, marking and labelling, and contracts with agents. Most countries also have certain laws regulating advertising, e.g. Britain does not permit any cigarette or liquor advertising on TV
Central to all commercial activities is the contract. The purpose of a contract is to specify the respective rights and obligations of the parties to an agreement and outline specific procedures or actions that must take place. In this way, the possibility of disputes arising between the parties is reduced. In the context of international business, with its inherent risks and complexities, contracts assume a vital role. The principal legal arrangement underlying an export transaction is the
export sales contract. However, when a company obtains materials from a local supplier, engages the services of a freight forwarder or insurer, or concludes agreements with carriers, e.g. shipping lines, airlines and domestic road hauliers, it is also entering contracts.
In many cases, a contract is entered into once agreement has been reached. It is important to agree at the beginning of the negotiations that all agreements are reduced to writing before contracts are formalised.
When an international commercial dispute occurs, the problem must be settled in one of the countries involved according to the laws and regulations of that country unless the contract states otherwise. If the dispute cannot be settled amongst the parties involved, resolution can possibly be obtained through arbitration (i.e. through negotiations facilitated by a independent third party). Where the process of arbitration fails, for one reason or another, the option of litigation, i.e. going to court, might be considered. Disputes that go to court usually involve either large monetary transactions or the ownership of patents, copyright (see chapter 4) or physical property. Court actions can take from a few months to several years and can involve large expenditure in legal fees and lost revenues.
Whose system of law (i.e. South African law or that of the importing country) is applicable at a particular stage of an international business transaction depends, inter alia, on the nature and terms of the agreement.
Of transnational corporations on the economies of developing a certain degree of positive role, but also to have a negative role in the economies of developing countries. Many developing countries
according to their own national conditions gradually improve the laws and regulations, both the use and restrictions, to strengthen the country's economic strength of transnational corporations; to establish their own multinational corporations, the implementation of mutual co-operation in order to break the monopoly of a few large countries. Since the 1960s, multinational companies increasingly active in international economic relations trends and the important role played by, causing widespread attention. Mainly from the Western developed countries, multinational companies to establish factories in foreign direct investment, and centralized decision-making and systems management, from the most favorable access to raw materials, labor and markets. Its operating characteristics are: to strengthen and develop specialization of production in order to deal with the fierce competition at home and abroad; to maintain the growth trend in the manufacturing sector, while changing the traditional structure of assets; diversify their business, an industry-based, diversified into other, breaking industry boundaries; among developed countries for more than two-thirds of the amount of investment, investment in developing countries accounted for about a quarter of the total, focusing on more than 10 oil-exporting countries and Latin America, Asia and other richer countries; in set up various forms of joint ventures in developing countries. From the results of the activities of transnational corporations, even if some areas of the host country's economy to develop, but also make it under control, in varying degrees. This dual role is far more dramatic in developing countries. Development of transnational corporations on the economies of developing countries has a positive role to a certain extent.
The investment by multinationals can compensate for the lack of host country development funds to promote the construction of new industries.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the Third World, a group of newly industrialized countries such as Mexico, Brazil, Singapore and other, have a bold use of foreign capital. Singapore using their direct and indirect investments in manufacturing, a decade or so from the old shoe, sawn wood, paper, food processing, sporadic assembly, developed into a modern high-level manufacturing exports of household appliances, precision machinery, petrochemical products goods, the economic outlook improved greatly.Secondly, the host country to introduce technology and equipment not readily available. Equipment of multinational companies set up factories there are many more sophisticated state-of-the-art, advanced technology and equipment to help developing countries to acquire new technical knowledge.Third, the host can learn some management experience. Multinational companies have a unique approach to management, which enables labor, technology, equipment to play a relatively good economic performance, under the same conditions, its output value, profits and other indicators than the local businesses. Developing countries by directly or indirectly dealing with multinational companies to increase their knowledge, broaden their horizons. Fourth, developing countries using their capital and technology, local production, processing, manufacturing, can replace part of the consumer goods and imports of machinery and equipment; their sales network and market driven commodity exports. In addition, to help the host country labor force.
Type of cultural differences and their impact (1) the language differences. Language is unique to humans, the tools used to express ideas and exchange of ideas, is a special and general social phenomenon. Language is fundamental to the culture. Each language has its unique cultural connotation. Of economic globalization today, to carry out the activities of international trade, exchange of conversion between different languages is essential. However, due to the existence of
cultural differences led to the conversion difficulties of communication between different languages, thus affecting international business contacts. GM's advertising slogan: "the body in Belgium" (BodyinBelgium) translated the Franks language was "next to the fisherman's body" (CorpsebyFisher). A very creative advertising led to the expansion of the adverse market because of language differences. Similarly, a Brazilian airline ad said that she had a very comfortable cabin "(comfortablerendezvous), but this change for the Portuguese was" unlawful sexual service establishments aroomforillicitsexualen counters. Thus, the language of international trade carried out with great impact. Trade policy is a collection of rules and regulations which pertain to trade. Every nation has some form of trade policy in place, with public officials formulating the policy which they think would be most appropriate for their country. The purpose of trade policy is to help a nation's international trade run more smoothly, by setting clear standards and goals which can be understood by potential trading partners. In many regions, groups of nations work together to create mutually beneficial trade policies.
Things like import and export taxes, tariffs, inspection regulations, and quotas can all be part of a nation's trade policy. Some nations attempt to protect their local industries with trade policies which place a heavy burden on importers, allowing domestic producers of goods and services to get ahead in the market with lower prices or more availability. Others eschew trade barriers, promoting free trade, in which domestic producers are given no special treatment, and international producers are free to bring in their products.
Safety is sometimes an issue in trade policy. Different nations have
different regulations about product safety, and when goods are imported into a country with stiff standards, representatives of that nation may demand the right to inspect the goods, to confirm that they conform with the product safety standards which have been laid out. Security is also an issue, with nations wanting to protect themselves from potential threats while maintaining good foreign relations with frequent trading partners.
When nations trade with each other regularly, they often establish trade agreements. Trade agreements smooth the way for trading, spelling out the desires of both sides to create a stronger, more effective trading relationship. Many trade agreements are designed to accommodate a desire for free trade, with signatories to such agreements making certain concessions to each other to establish a good trading relationship. Regular meetings may also be held to discuss changes in the financial climate, and to make adjustments to trade policy accordingly.
For lay people, understanding trade policy can get quite complex. The relevant rules, regulations, agreements, and treaties are often scattered across numerous government documents and departments, from State Departments which handle foreign policy to economic departments which deal with the nuts and bolts of things like converting currency. Often, the best resource for information is documents pertaining to specific trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement. These documents spell out the trade policy of the nations involved in one convenient location, although the language used can become very complex.
States that in the present era of global marketing, as more companies enter international markets, ethical problems are likely to increase. As companies and their managers deal with their counterparts in different countries, there is a need to understand the latter’s ethical
decision-making processes. Divergence in ethical behavior and attitudes of marketing professionals across cultures can be explained by, among other variables, differences in perceptions regarding the importance of ethics and social responsibility in achieving organizational effectiveness. This study investigates the variation in those perceptions among marketing professionals from Australia, Malaysia, South Africa, and the USA. The variation is explained by country differences (cultural differences, differences in the economic environment, and differences in legal/political environment), organizational ethical climate, and selected demographic characteristics of the marketer (gender and age).
More than 100 children in Fuyang, Anhui Province in 2004 after eating a low-quality milk became the "Big Head", the number of children killed in the incident, Gansu Province, appeared in 14 infants under one year old collective suffering from kidney stones tragedy, the culprit is milk. Initial investigations revealed that of the Ministry of Health, to bring disaster to the baby Sanlu brand milk powder, the Shijiazhuang Sanlu Group Co., Ltd. Sanlu milk powder contaminated with melamine, melamine can lead to the human urinary system stones. Shijiazhuang Sanlu a statement, said the company self-test found that some batches of Sanlu baby milk powder factory on August 6, 2008 to be contaminated with melamine, and decided to Sanlu baby milk powder produced before August 6, 2008 immediately summoned all back.State Council quickly organized safety supervision departments nationwide milk production enterprises excluded in a timely manner, exposes many substandard products. Unqualified milk products as much as I was surprised. According to the Ministry of Health experts, melamine molecule contains large amounts of nitrogen added to the food, can improve the detection value of the detection of protein in foods. If long-term intake of melamine can cause reproductive, urinary system
damage, bladder, kidney stones, and may further induce bladder cancer. Thus, it is the human body is a great damage.The common people to buy things to diagram a quality good, with the rest assured. Especially for food safety issues, the higher the expectations of the people, so the only national free products, green flag and other national quality certification. Major companies are scrambling to own "face" to paste this label is for the people of such quality certification recognition, further said that is the full confidence of the people on the national quality supervision department. In fact, most close to the national quality certification label products, but also to the excellent quality to win the good reputation of the people.However, the Sanlu infant formula incident will no doubt our quality certification system causing adverse effects, so that people on this flagship of the "national exemption product" crisis of confidence. You know, the national quality monitoring system not only should the people responsible should be responsible. The growth of a brand is the hard work of many people to pay, as a corporate responsibility for their own brand responsible for the interests and devoid of conscience; the important task of Quality Supervision, quality supervision departments should assume a high degree of responsibility, not be made a "brand" on anything regardless of theThe lesson is profound, the most abhorrent disregard of life. If you can timely learn its lesson was valuable. As a consumer, I urge the quality supervision departments to "take responsibility and do not let our children hurt by this. Which is a typical example!