英国文学的作品 人物

一．The Anglo-Saxon Period 盎格鲁—撒克逊时期 (449-1066) The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武夫 epic 史诗

人物：Beowulf --- the hero of the story

Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people of evil monsters.

Hygelac --- Beowulf’s Uncle, king of the Geats, a people in Jutland, Denmark. Hrothgar ---King of the Danes, is in great trouble

Grendel --- a terrible monster

Grendel’s Mother

Theme主题： this poem shows how the primitive people fight against the forces of the natural world under a wise & mighty leader.

二．The Anglo-Norman Period 盎格鲁—诺曼时期 (1066-1350 AD) Sir Gawain and the green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士 Romance传奇故事

三 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400) 乔叟时期

First stage The Book of the Duchess (致公爵夫人书) Elegy（挽联） for John of Gaunt The second stage:Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》 The third stage:The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集

Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.英国文学之父

The Canterbury Tales People: Chaucer portrays the 29 Canterbury pilgrims + inn owner

乔叟描绘了29坎特伯雷的朝圣者+客栈老板

Themes of this tale

1.Anti-feminism反女权主义2.Female dominance3.Economics of love

四 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期

William Shakespeare莎士比亚

Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force;

King Lear suffers from treachery and infidelity;

Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads to incessant crimes. Hamlet的人物分析

Hamlet is the son of the late King of Denmark. He is a student at a school in Wittenburg. He is charged by the ghost of his father to avenge his murder, which he finally succeeds in doing, but only after the rest of the royal house has been wiped out and himself has been mortally wounded with a poisoned rapier by Laertes.

Claudius: is the current King of Denmark, Hamlet’s uncle, who succeeded to the throne upon the death of his brother. The ghost of King tells Prince Hamlet that he was murdered by brother while he was asleep. Claudius is killed with a poisoned rapier by Hamlet

Gertrude: is Hamlet’s mother, the widow of King Hamlet who became the wife of

Claudius, a relationship considered incestuous in Shakespeare’s time. She dies by drinking poisoned wine intended for Hamlet.

Ophelia: is Polonius’s daughter. She and Hamlet have had romantic feeling for each other, although they have been warned that it would be politically inexpedient for them to marry. Jilted by Hamlet as part of his insanity ruse, her father’s death causes her to insane, and she drowns herself in a brook.

Polonius is Claudius’s chief councillor, who is distrustful of Hamlet’s relationship with Ophelia. He is a fatuous bore, and Hamlet frequently teases him while pretending to be mentally unbalanced. He is fatally stabbed by Hamlet while hidden behind the curtain while trying to eavesdrop upon a conversation between Hamlet and his mother.

哈姆雷特中的经典语录To be, or not to be,--that is the question;

Dubious(可疑的，半信半疑的) quality

Hamlet’s character: speculative好奇, questioning质疑, and contemplative沉思;Not because he is incapable of action;Hamlet proposed the profound thinking on life and death — a dilemma for human beings.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦As You Like it正如你喜欢它

The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人Twelfth Night 第十二夜

（二）The Poetry诗

（三）154 Sonnets Two narrative poems Numerous other poems

Venus and Adonis《维纳斯与安东尼斯》 Rape of Lucrece《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯。培根

representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. His Essays has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.文艺复兴时期的代表在英格兰,是一个著名的哲学家、科学家和散文家。他的论文已被认为是一个重要的里程碑式的发展英语散文。

The Advancement of Learning is a great tract on education.

Novum Organum is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology of studies Bacon’s style has three prominent qualities:. directness, terseness and forcefulness 培根的风格有三个突出的品质:。率直、简洁和坚强

Bacon’s Importance to Literature

1st, he was the first English writer to pay attention to the audience to whom he was writing.

2nd, he wrote the greatest tracts (pamphlets) on education in the English language, Advancement of Learning.

3rd, he and Newton represent the advancement of science during the 17th century. In fact, Bacon devised the inductive method of doing research.

4th, he introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language.

Part IV The 17th Century17世纪 资产阶级与王朝复辟时期

Representatives and Their Masterpiece

I. John Donne & Death Be Not Proud约翰。多恩 《致死神》

II. John Milton& Paradise Lost约翰 弥尔顿 失乐园

III. John Bunyan & The Pilgrim’s Progress 约翰 班扬 天路历程

Besides John Milton, there appeared two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）and the Cavalier Poets (保皇派诗人）

（1）多恩的作品His poems are respectively collected in The Songs and Sonnets《歌与十四行诗》；love poems, The Elegies and Satires and The Holy Sonnet《圣十四行诗》； his sacred verses Devotion Upon Emergent Occasions《突发事件的祷告》. 他的诗多关于 love death religion

（2）弥尔顿london epic

Three literary periods:

1. early period: poems written in Cambridge and at Horton;

2. middle-aged period: political articles pamphlets;

3. the period of his old age: three giant works.

His poetic works

Paradise Lost is the only generally acknowledged English epic since Beowulf. 分析1. Milton’s masterpiece.

2. A long epic（史诗）in 12 books, written in blank verse.

3. taken from the Old Testament.

4. Major characters: Satan, God, Archangel, Adam, Eve„

5. It is about Satan’s rebellion against God and the expulsion(驱逐) of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.

1. Theme: praising the rebellious spirits 叛逆精神against the despot(独裁者）

This epic is the production of the conflicts between his religious belief and political belief: Fight for the liberty of the nations in the world and recover their lost liberty ③ Characterization

What do the main characters resemble?

2. God: selfish despot (暴君),cruel, unjust

3. Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man, craving (longing) for Knowledge and liberty

4. God’s angels are foolish, resembling the court of an absolute monarch.

5. Satan is a rebel against tyranny(专制，暴行) and Satan and his followers resemble a .republican Parliament

其他作品Paradise Regained Samson Agonistes

Lycidas (an elegy in memory of his classmate)

His prose work Areopagitica (Freedom of Press)《论出版自由》

Miltonic style: to express the sublimity(庄严） of thought, sonority（洪亮）, eloquence（雄辩）, majesty （威严）and grandeur（壮丽） style

Sonnet -- “On His Blindness哀失明 on his deceased wife

（3）班扬

The Pilgrim's Progress (1677)

Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680) 《贝德曼先生的一生》

The Holy War (1682) 《神圣战争》The Pilgrim's Progress, Second Part (1684) Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners 《罪人受恩记》

style：simple and daily used expressions. biblical language.

revealing his ideas in a direct and straightforward way.

Touches (笔致) of tenderness and quaint (离奇有趣的) humour, bursts of heart-moving eloquence (雄辩，修辞),and pure, idiomatic English.

The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 the most successful religious allegory.

Theme: (main theme) the assertion of his religious views. (subtheme) satires at the vice and ills of the English society he lived in.

a.Knowledge Gained Through Travel b,The Importance of Reading

c.The Value of Community

Symbolism象征

What does “Vanity Fair” mean in The Pilgrim’s Progress?

--- “Vanity” means “emptiness” or “worthless”,

--- and hence the fair is an allegory of worldliness (世俗心，世故) & the corruption of the religious life through the attractions of the world.

《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。

1. 作者在这部小说里借用来自圣经的“Vanity”（虚空）这个词虚构出一个名为“Vanity Fair”的集市来表达“凡事都是虚空”的这一宗教思想。这里的寓意很清楚：既然一切都是虚空的，人们又何必去追名逐利呢？

18世纪 启蒙运动

1) Neoclassicism 2) The modern novel 3) Sentimentalism

4) Pre-romantic poetry

1）Alexander Pope 亚历山大·柏蒲

Didactic and philosophical poems ：An Essay on Criticism (1711, 批评论)Moral Essay (1731-35, 道德伦)An Essay on Man (1734, 人论)

Poems of social satires:

The Rape of the Lock (1714, 卷发遇劫记) The Dunciad (1728,愚人志)

An Heroic Comic Poem (英雄滑稽诗)

Translations of Homer’s Iliad (伊利亚得) and (奥得赛1725-26)

Edited The Works of Shakespeare (1725, 莎士比亚全集 )

Style ：He was at his best in writing satire and epigram (警句，讽刺短诗) in heroic couplet. developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style.

2）塞万提斯Cervantes's "Don Quixote"堂·吉诃德.

Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding and Sterne.

Daniel Defoe 笛福Robinson Crusoe “father of the English novel” Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特 Gulliver’s Travels

Swift also drew ruthless pictures of the depraved (堕落、腐化) aristocracy and satirically portrayed the whole of the English state system.

Henry Fielding亨利 菲尔丁 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事 T. G. Smollet The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle

Samuel Richardson Pamela

3)感伤主义

Poetry: Edward Young’s celebrated blank-verse dramatic rhapsody (狂想曲) Night Thoughts《夜思》(1742) and Thomas Gray's An Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard 《墓畔哀歌》.

Drama: Richard Brinsley Sheridan and his The Rivals 《情敌》(1775) and The School for Scandal 《造谣学堂》.

Fiction: Lawrence Sterne’s Sentimental Journey 《伤感旅行》, Tristram Shandy《项迪传 》 (1760-1767) ; Oliver Goldsmith’s The Vicar of Wakefield (1776) 《威克菲尔德牧师传》 The Deserted Village 《荒凉的村庄》.

4）William Blake a poet; an engraver; a precursor (先驱) of the Romantic movement. Main Works: Songs of Innocence; (1789) Songs of Experience (1794)

Robert Burns the greatest Scottish poet

Main Works: Poems Chiefly in Scottish Dialect (1786)

Auld Lang Syne To a Mouse A Man's A Man for That A Red Red Rose 布莱克

Blake’s Etchings(蚀刻画）天真之歌 经验之歌

Prose 散文 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790)《天堂与地狱的婚姻》 诗歌features

A symbolist, or a mystic; many poems are obscure and can be interpreted only symbolically

His lyric poetry displays the characteristics of the romantic spirit. (visual images 视觉影像 rather than abstract ideas)

Natural sentiment and individual originality makes Blake a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.

The lamb The tiger The Chimney Sweeper 扫烟囱的孩子

彭斯

风格Ploughmen’s spirit – rural theme

simple, direct and honest;humor and optimistic hrifty and industrious;

warm and kind-hearted.

1) Lyrics2) Political poems3) Satirical poems

The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期