高中化学公式大全

高中化学公式大全

一、非金属单质(F2，Cl2、O2、S 、N2、P 、C 、Si) 1. 氧化性：

F 2+H 2===2HF

F 2+Xe(过量) ===XeF 2

2F 2(过量) +Xe ===XeF 4

nF 2+2M ===2MFn (表示大部分金属)

2F 2+2H 2O ===4HF +O 2

2F 2+2NaOH ===2NaF +OF 2+H 2O

F 2+2NaCl ===2NaF +Cl 2

F 2+2NaBr ===2NaF +Br 2

F 2+2NaI ===2NaF +I 2

F 2+Cl 2(等体积) ===2ClF

3F2(过量) +Cl 2===2ClF 3

7F 2(过量) +I 2===2IF 7

Cl 2+H 2===2HCl

3Cl 2+2P ===2PCl 3

Cl 2+PCl 3===PCl 5

Cl 2+2Na ===2NaCl

3Cl 2+2Fe ===2FeCl 3

Cl 2+2FeCl 2===2FeCl 3

Cl 2+Cu ===CuCl 2

2Cl 2+2NaBr ===2NaCl +Br 2

Cl 2+2NaI ===2NaCl +I 2

5Cl 2+I 2+6H 2O ===2HIO 3+10HCl

Cl 2+Na 2S ===2NaCl +S

Cl 2+H 2S ===2HCl +S

Cl 2+SO 2+2H 2O ===H 2SO 4+2HCl

Cl 2+H 2O 2===2HCl +O 2

2O 2+3Fe ===Fe 3O 4

O 2+K ===KO 2

S +H 2===H 2S

2S +C ===CS 2

S +Fe ===FeS

S +2Cu ===Cu 2S

3S +2Al ===Al 2S 3

S +Zn ===ZnS

N 2+3H 2===2NH 3

N 2+3Mg ===Mg 3N 2

N 2+3Ca ===Ca 3N 2

N 2+3Ba ===Ba 3N 2

N 2+6Na ===2Na 3N

N 2+6K ===2K 3N

N 2+6Rb ===2Rb 3N

P 2+6H 2===4PH 3

P +3Na ===Na 3P

2P +3Zn ===Zn 3P 2

2. 还原性

S +O 2===SO 2

S +6HNO 3(浓) ===H 2SO 4+6NO 2+2H 2O

3S +4HNO 3(稀) ===3SO 2+4NO +2H 2O

N 2+O 2===2NO

4P +5O 2===P 4O 10(常写成P 2O 5)

2P +3X 2===2PX 3(X表示F 2，Cl 2，Br 2)

PX 3+X 2===PX 5

P 4+20HNO 3(浓) ===4H 3PO 4+20NO 2+4H 2O

C +2F 2===CF 4

C +2Cl 2===CCl 4

2C +O 2(少量) ===2CO

C +O 2(足量) ===CO 2

C +CO 2===2CO

C +H 2O ===CO +H 2(生成水煤气)

2C +SiO 2===Si +2CO(制得粗硅)

Si(粗) +2Cl 2===SiCl 4

(SiCl4+2H 2===Si(纯) +4HCl)

Si(粉) +O 2===SiO 2

Si +C ===SiC(金刚砂)

Si +2NaOH +H 2O ===Na 2SiO 3+2H 2

3(碱中) 歧化

Cl 2+H 2O ===HCl +HClO

(加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光照促进歧化)

Cl 2+2NaOH ===NaCl +NaClO +H 2O

2Cl 2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl 2+Ca(ClO)2+2H 2O

3Cl 2+6KOH(热浓) ===5KCl +KClO 3+3H 2O

3S +6NaOH ===2Na 2S +Na 2SO 3+3H 2O

4P +3KOH(浓) +3H 2O ===PH 3+3KH 2PO 2

11P +15CuSO 4+24H 2O ===5Cu 3P +6H 3PO 4+15H 2SO 43C +CaO ===CaC 2+CO

3C +SiO 2===SiC +2CO

二、金属单质(Na，Mg ，Al ，Fe) 的还原性

2Na +H 2===2NaH

4Na +O 2===2Na 2O

2Na 2O +O 2===2Na 2O 2

2Na +O 2===Na 2O 2

2Na +S ===Na 2S(爆炸)

2Na +2H 2O ===2NaOH +H 2

2Na +2NH 3===2NaNH 2+H 2

4Na +TiCl 4(熔融) ===4NaCl +Ti

Mg +Cl 2===MgCl 2

Mg +Br 2===MgBr 2

2Mg +O 2===2MgO

Mg +S ===MgS

Mg +2H 2O ===Mg(OH)2+H 2

2Mg +TiCl 4(熔融) ===Ti +2MgCl 2

Mg +2RbCl ===MgCl 2+2Rb

2Mg +CO 2===2MgO +C

2Mg +SiO 2===2MgO +Si

Mg +H 2S ===MgS +H 2

Mg +H 2SO 4===MgSO 4+H 2

2Al +3Cl 2===2AlCl 3

4Al +3O 2===2Al 2O 3(钝化)

4Al(Hg)+3O 2+2xH 2O ===2(Al2O 3.xH 2O) +4Hg

4Al +3MnO 2===2Al 2O 3+3Mn

2Al +Cr 2O 3===Al 2O 3+2Cr

2Al +Fe 2O 3===Al 2O 3+2Fe

2Al +3FeO ===Al 2O 3+3Fe

2Al +6HCl ===2AlCl 3+3H 2

2Al +3H 2SO 4===Al 2(SO4) 3+3H 2

2Al +6H 2SO 4(浓) ===Al 2(SO4) 3+3SO 2+6H 2O

(Al、Fe 在冷、浓的H 2SO 4、HNO 3中钝化)

Al +4HNO(稀) ===Al(NO3) 3+NO +2H 2O

2Al +2NaOH +2H 2O ===2NaAlO 2+3H 2

2Fe +3Br 2===2FeBr 3

Fe +I2===FeI 2

Fe +S ===FeS

3Fe +4H 2O(g)===Fe 3O 4+4H 2

Fe +2HCl ===FeCl 2+H 2

Fe +CuCl 2===FeCl 2+Cu

Fe +SnCl 4===FeCl 2+SnCl 2

(铁在酸性环境下、不能把四氯化锡完全

还原为单质锡Fe +SnCl 2==FeCl2+Sn)

三、非金属氢化物(HF、HCl 、H 2O 、H 2S 、NH 3)

1、还原性:

4HCl(浓) +MnO 2===MnCl 2+Cl 2+2H 2O

4HCl(g)+O 2===2Cl 2+2H 2O

16HCl +2KMnO 4===2KCl +2MnCl 2+5Cl 2+8H 2O 14HCl +K 2Cr 2O 7===2KCl +2CrCl 3+3Cl 2+7H 2O 2H 2O +2F 2===4HF +O 2

2H 2S +3O 2(足量) ===2SO 2+2H 2O

2H 2S +O 2(少量) ===2S +2H 2O

2H 2S +SO 2===3S +2H 2O

H 2S +H 2SO 4(浓) ===S +SO 2+2H 2O

3H 2S +2HNO(稀) ===3S +2NO +4H 2O

5H 2S +2KMnO 4+3H 2SO 4===2MnSO 4+K 2SO 4+5S +8H 2O 3H 2S +K2Cr 2O 7+4H 2SO 4===Cr2(SO4)3+K 2SO 4+3S +7H 2O H 2S +4Na 2O 2+2H 2O ===Na 2SO 4+6NaOH

2NH 3+3CuO ===3Cu +N 2+3H 2O

2NH 3+3Cl 2===N 2+6HCl

8NH 3+3Cl 2===N 2+6NH 4Cl

4NH 3+3O 2(纯氧) ===2N 2+6H 2O

4NH 3+5O 2===4NO +6H 2O

4NH 3+6NO ===5N 2+6H 2O(用氨清除NO)

NaH +H 2O ===NaOH +H2

4NaH +TiCl 4===Ti +4NaCl +2H 2

CaH 2+2H 2O ===Ca(OH)2+2H 2

2、酸性:

4HF +SiO 2===SiF4+2H 2O

(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO 2的含量) 2HF +CaCl 2===CaF 2+2HCl

H 2S +Fe ===FeS +H 2

H 2S +CuCl 2===CuS +2HCl

H 2S +2AgNO 3===Ag 2S +2HNO 3

H 2S +HgCl 2===HgS +2HCl

H 2S +Pb(NO3) 2===PbS +2HNO 3

H 2S +FeCl 2===

2NH 3+2Na==2NaNH2+H 2

(NaNH2+H 2O ===NaOH +NH 3)

3，碱性：

NH 3+HCl ===NH 4Cl

NH 3+HNO 3===NH 4NO 3

2NH 3+H 2SO 4===(NH4) 2SO 4

NH 3+NaCl +H 2O +CO 2===NaHCO 3+NH 4Cl

(此反应用于工业制备小苏打，苏打)

4，不稳定性：

2HF ===H 2+F 2

2HCl ===H 2+Cl 2

2H 2O ===2H 2+O 2

2H 2O 2===2H 2O +O 2

H 2S ===H 2+S

2NH 3===N 2+3H 2

四、非金属氧化物

低价态的还原性：

2SO 2+O 2===2SO 3

2SO 2+O 2+2H 2O ===2H 2SO 4

(这是SO 2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)

SO 2+Cl 2+2H 2O ===H 2SO 4+2HCl

SO 2+Br 2+2H 2O ===H 2SO 4+2HBr

SO 2+I 2+2H 2O ===H 2SO 4+2HI

SO 2+NO 2===SO 3+NO

2NO +O 2===2NO 2

NO +NO 2+2NaOH ===2NaNO 2

(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO 和NO 2)

2CO +O 2===2CO 2

CO +CuO ===Cu +CO 2

3CO +Fe 2O 3===2Fe +3CO 2

CO +H 2O ===CO 2+H 2

氧化性：

SO 2+2H 2S ===3S +2H 2O

SO 3+2KI ===K 2SO 3+I 2

NO 2+2KI +H 2O ===NO +I 2+2KOH

(不能用淀粉KI 溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO 2)

4NO 2+H 2S ===4NO +SO 3+H 2O

2NO 2+Cu ===4CuO +N 2

CO 2+2Mg ===2MgO +C

(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg 、Ca 、Ba 、Na 、K 等燃烧的火灾) SiO 2+2H 2===Si +2H 2O

SiO 2+2Mg ===2MgO +Si

3、与水的作用:

SO 2+H 2O ===H 2SO 3

SO 3+H 2O ===H 2SO 4

3NO 2+H 2O ===2HNO 3+NO

N 2O 5+H 2O ===2HNO 3

P 2O 5+H 2O ===2HPO 3

P 2O 5+3H 2O ===2H 3PO 4

(P2O 5极易吸水、可作气体干燥剂

P 2O 5+3H 2SO 4(浓) ===2H 3PO 4+3SO 3)

CO 2+H 2O ===H 2CO 3

4、与碱性物质的作用:

SO 2+2NH 3+H 2O ===(NH4) 2SO 3

SO 2+(NH4) 2SO3+H2O ===2NH4HSO3

(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应. 先用氨水吸收SO2、再用H2SO4处理:2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O +2SO2生成的硫酸铵作化肥、SO2循环作原料气)

SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O

(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2. 可用品红鉴别) SO3+MgO ===MgSO4

SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2O

CO2+2NaOH(过量) ===Na2CO3+H2O

CO2(过量) +NaOH ===NaHCO3

CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量) ===CaCO3+H2O

2CO2(过量) +Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2

CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O ===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3

CO2+C6H5ONa +H2O ===C6H5OH +NaHCO3

SiO2+CaO ===CaSiO3

SiO2+2NaOH ===Na2SiO3+H2O

(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)

SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2

SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2

五、金属氧化物

1、低价态的还原性:

6FeO +O2===2Fe3O4

FeO +4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O

2、氧化性:

Na2O2+2Na ===2Na2O

(此反应用于制备Na2O)

MgO ，Al2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg ，Al.

一般通过电解制Mg 和Al.

Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe +3H2O (制还原铁粉)

Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe +4H2O

3、与水的作用:

Na2O +H2O ===2NaOH

2Na2O2+2H2O ===4NaOH +O2

(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O ===2NaOH +H2O2;

2H2O2===2H2O +O2. H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4(稀) ===BaSO4+H2O2)

MgO +H2O ===Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应)

4、与酸性物质的作用:

Na2O +SO3===Na2SO4

Na2O +CO2===Na2CO3

Na2O +2HCl ===2NaCl +H2O

2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2

Na2O2+H2SO4(冷、稀) ===Na2SO4+H2O2

MgO +SO3===MgSO4

MgO +H2SO4===MgSO4+H2O

Al2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O

(Al2O3是两性氧化物:

Al2O3+2NaOH ===2NaAlO2+H2O)

FeO +2HCl ===FeCl2+3H2O

Fe2O3+6HCl ===2FeCl3+3H2O

Fe2O3+3H2S(g)===Fe2S3+3H2O

Fe3O4+8HCl ===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O

六、含氧酸

1、氧化性:

4HClO3+3H2S ===3H2SO4+4HCl

HClO3+HI ===HIO3+HCl

3HClO +HI ===HIO3+3HCl

HClO +H2SO3===H2SO4+HCl

HClO +H2O2===HCl +H2O +O2

(氧化性:HClO>HClO2>HClO3>HClO4、

但浓、热的HClO4氧化性很强)

2H2SO4(浓) +C ===CO2+2SO2+2H2O

2H2SO4(浓) +S ===3SO2+2H2O

H2SO4+Fe(Al)室温下钝化

6H2SO4(浓) +2Fe ===Fe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O

2H2SO4(浓) +Cu ===CuSO4+SO2+2H2O

H2SO4(浓) +2HBr ===SO2+Br2+2H2O

H2SO4(浓) +2HI ===SO2+I2+2H2O

H2SO4(稀) +Fe ===FeSO4+H2

2H2SO3+2H2S ===3S +2H2O

4HNO3(浓) +C ===CO2+4NO2+2H2O

6HNO3(浓) +S ===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O

5HNO3(浓) +P ===H3PO4+5NO2+H2O

6HNO3+Fe ===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O

4HNO3+Fe ===Fe(NO3)3+NO +2H2O

30HNO3+8Fe ===8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O +15H2O

36HNO3+10Fe ===10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O

30HNO3+8Fe ===8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O 2、还原性:

H2SO3+X2+H2O ===H2SO4+2HX

(X表示Cl2、Br2、I2)

2H2SO3+O2===2H2SO4

H2SO3+H2O2===H2SO4+H2O

5H2SO3+2KMnO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O H2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O ===H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl

3、酸性:

H 2SO 4(浓) +CaF 2===CaSO 4+2HF H 2SO 4(浓) +NaCl ===NaHSO 4+HCl H 2SO 4(浓) +2NaCl ===Na 2SO 4+2HCl H 2SO 4(浓) +NaNO 3===NaHSO 4+HNO 33H 2SO 4(浓) +Ca 3(PO4) 2===3CaSO 4+2H 3PO 42H 2SO 4(浓) +Ca 3(PO4) 2===2CaSO 4+Ca(H2PO 4) 23HNO 3+Ag 3PO 4===H 3PO 4+3AgNO 32HNO 3+CaCO 3===Ca(NO3) 2+H 2O +CO 2(用HNO 3和浓H 2SO 4不能制备H2S ，HI ，HBr ，(SO2) 等还原性气体) 4H 3PO 4+Ca 3(PO4) 2===3Ca(H2PO 4) 2(重钙) H 3PO 4(浓) +NaBr ===NaH 2PO 4+HBr H 3PO 4(浓) +NaI ===NaH 2PO 4+HI 4，不稳定性：

2HClO ===2HCl +O 2

4HNO 3===4NO 2+O 2+2H2O

H 2SO 3===H 2O +SO 2

H 2CO 3===H 2O +CO 2

4SiO 4===H2SiO 3+H 2O

七、碱

低价态的还原性：

4Fe(OH)2+O 2+2H 2O ===4Fe(OH)3与酸性物质的作用：

2NaOH +SO 2(少量) ===Na 2SO 3+H 2O NaOH +SO 2(足量) ===NaHSO 3

2NaOH +SiO 2===NaSiO 3+H 2O

2NaOH +Al 2O 3===2NaAlO 2+H 2O 2NaOH +Cl 2===NaCl +NaClO +H 2O NaOH +HCl ===NaCl +H 2O

NaOH +H 2S(足量) ===NaHS +H 2O 2NaOH +H 2S(少量) ===Na 2S +2H 2O 3NaOH +AlCl 3===Al(OH)3+3NaCl NaOH +Al(OH)3===NaAlO 2+2H 2O NaOH +NH 4Cl ===NaCl +NH 3+H 2O Mg(OH)2+2NH 4Cl ===MgCl 2+2NH 3.H 2O Al(OH)3+NH 4Cl 不溶解

3、不稳定性:

Mg(OH)2===MgO +H 2O

2Al(OH)3===Al 2O 3+3H 2O

2Fe(OH)3===Fe 2O 3+3H 2O

Cu(OH)2===CuO +H 2O

八、盐

1、氧化性:

2FeCl 3+Fe ===3FeCl 2

2FeCl 3+Cu ===2FeCl 2+CuCl 2

(用于雕刻铜线路版)

2FeCl 3+Zn ===2FeCl 2+ZnCl 2

FeCl 3+Ag ===FeCl 2+AgC

Fe 2(SO4) 3+2Ag ===FeSO 4+Ag 2SO 4(较难反应) Fe(NO3) 3+Ag 不反应

2FeCl 3+H 2S ===2FeCl 2+2HCl +S 2FeCl 3+2KI ===2FeCl 2+2KCl +I 2FeCl2+Mg ===Fe +MgCl 2

2、还原性:

2FeCl 2+Cl 2===2FeCl 3

3Na 2S +8HNO 3(稀) ===6NaNO 3+2NO +3S +4H 2O 3Na 2SO 3+2HNO 3(稀) ===3Na 2SO 4+2NO +H 2O 2Na 2SO 3+O 2===2Na 2SO 4

3、与碱性物质的作用:

MgCl 2+2NH 3.H 2O ===Mg(OH)2+NH 4Cl AlCl 3+3NH 3.H 2O ===Al(OH)3+3NH 4Cl FeCl 3+3NH 3.H 2O ===Fe(OH)3+3NH 4Cl 4、与酸性物质的作用:

Na 3PO 4+HCl ===Na 2HPO 4+NaCl Na 2HPO 4+HCl ===NaH 2PO 4+NaCl NaH 2PO 4+HCl ===H 3PO 4+NaCl Na 2CO 3+HCl ===NaHCO 3+NaCl NaHCO 3+HCl ===NaCl +H 2O +CO 23Na 2CO 3+2AlCl 3+3H 2O ===2Al(OH)3+3CO 2+6NaCl 3Na 2CO 3+2FeCl 3+3H 2O ===2Fe(OH)3+3CO 2+6NaCl 3NaHCO 3+AlCl 3===Al(OH)3+3CO 23NaHCO 3+FeCl 3===Fe(OH)3+3CO 23Na 2S +Al 2(SO4) 3+6H 2O ===2Al(OH)3+3H 2S 3NaAlO 2+AlCl 3+6H 2O ===4Al(OH)35、不稳定性:

Na 2S 2O 3+H 2SO 4===Na 2SO 4+S +SO 2+H 2O NH 4Cl ===NH 3+HCl

NH 4HCO 3===NH 3+H 2O +CO 2

2KNO 3===2KNO 2+O 2

2Cu(NO3) 3===2CuO +4NO 2+O 22KMnO 4===K 2MnO 4+MnO 2+O 22KClO 3===2KCl +3O 2

2NaHCO 3===Na 2CO 3+H 2O +CO 2Ca(HCO3) 2===CaCO 3+H 2O +CO 2CaCO 3===CaO +CO 2

MgCO 3===MgO +CO 2