单片机外文翻译--AT89S52单片机

AT89S52英文资料及中文翻译

AT89S52

Features

• Compatible with MCS-51 Products

• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Eight Interrupt Sources

• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

• Watchdog Timer • Dual Data Pointer

• Power-off Flag • Fast Programming Time

• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

• Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

1. Description

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

2. Pin Description

2.1 VCC ：Supply voltage.

2.2 GND ：Ground.

2.3 Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

2.4 Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the follow-ing table.

Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and

2.5 Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash program-ming and verification.

2.6 Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the

2.7 RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is

running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

2.8 ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. 2.9 PSEN：Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to exter-nal data memory. 2.10 EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

2.11 XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

2.12 XTAL2：Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

3. Memory Organization

MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.

3.1 Program Memory If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses

0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.

3.2 Data Memory

The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2).

MOV 0A0H, #data

Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H).

MOV @R0, #data

Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.

4. Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)

The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.

4.1 Using the WDT

To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 14-bit counter overflows when it reaches 16383 (3FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the

oscillator is running. This means the user must reset the WDT at least every 16383 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse dura-tion is 98xTOSC, where TOSC = 1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a WDT reset.

4.2 WDT During Power-down and Idle

In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode. With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count upon exit from IDLE.

5. UART

The UART in the AT89S52 operates the same way as the UART in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. For further information on the UART operation, please click on the document link below:

6. Timer 0 and 1

Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89S52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer

1 in the AT89C51 and AT89C52. For further information on the timers’ operation, please click on the document link below:

7. Timer 2

Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 6-1. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscil-lator frequency.

In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corre-sponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition, the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.

7.1 Capture Mode

In the capture mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 is a 16-bit timer or counter which upon overflow sets bit TF2 in T2CON. This bit can then be used to generate an interrupt. If EXEN2 = 1, Timer 2 performs the same operation, but a 1-to-0 transi-tion at external input T2EX also causes the current value in TH2 and TL2 to be captured into RCAP2H and RCAP2L, respectively. In addition, the transition at T2EX causes bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set. The EXF2 bit, like TF2, can generate an interrupt.

7.2 Auto-reload (Up or Down Counter)

Timer 2 can be programmed to count up or down when configured in its 16-bit auto-reload mode. This feature is invoked by the DCEN (Down Counter Enable) bit located in the SFR T2MOD . Upon reset, the DCEN bit is set to 0 so that timer 2 will default to count up. When DCEN is set, Timer 2 can count up or down, depending on the value of the T2EX pin. Timer 2 automatically counting up when DCEN = 0. In this mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 counts up to 0FFFFH and then sets the TF2 bit upon overflow. The overflow also causes the timer registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. The values in Timer in Capture ModeRCAP2H and RCAP2L are preset by software. If EXEN2 = 1, a 16-bit reload can be triggered either by an overflow or by a 1-to-0 transition at external input T2EX. This transition also sets the EXF2 bit. Both the TF2 and EXF2 bits can generate an interrupt if enabled. Setting the DCEN bit enables Timer 2 to count up or down, as shown in Figure 10-2. In this mode, the T2EX pin controls the direction of the count. A logic 1 at T2EX makes Timer 2 count up. The timer will overflow at 0FFFFH and set the TF2 bit. This overflow also causes the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L to be reloaded into the timer registers, TH2 and TL2, respectively. A logic 0 at T2EX makes Timer 2 count down. The timer underflows when TH2 and TL2 equal the values stored in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. The underflow sets the TF2 bit and causes 0FFFFH to be reloaded into the timer registers. The EXF2 bit toggles whenever Timer 2 overflows or underflows and can be used as a 17th bit of resolution. In this operating mode, EXF2 does not flag an interrupt.

8. Baud Rate Generator

Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK and/or RCLK in T2CON. Note that the baud rates for transmit and receive can be different if Timer 2 is used for the receiver or transmitter and Timer 1 is used for the other function. Setting RCLK and/or TCLK puts Timer 2 into its baud rate generator mode. The baud rate generator mode is similar to the auto-reload mode, in that a rollover in TH2 causes the Timer 2 registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in registers RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which are preset by software. The baud rates in Modes 1 and 3 are determined by Timer 2’s overflow rate according to the fol-lowing equation.

Timer 2 Overflow RateModes 1 and 3 Baud Rates = 16

The Timer can be configured for either timer or counter operation. In most applications, it is con-figured for timer operation (CP/T2 = 0). The timer operation is different for Timer 2 when it is used as a baud rate generator. Normally, as a timer, it increments every machine cycle (at 1/12 the oscillator frequency). As a baud rate generator, however, it increments every state time (at 1/2 the oscillator frequency). The baud rate formula is given below.

where (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the content of RCAP2H and RCAP2L taken as a 16-bit unsigned integer.

This figure is valid only if RCLK or TCLK = 1 in T2CON. Note that a rollover in TH2 does not set TF2 and will not generate an inter-rupt. Note too, that if EXEN2 is set, a 1-to-0 transition in T2EX will set EXF2 but will not cause a reload from (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus, when Timer 2 is in use as a baud rate generator, T2EX can be used as an extra external interrupt. Note that when Timer 2 is running (TR2 = 1) as a timer in the baud rate generator mode, TH2 or TL2 should not be read from or written to. Under these conditions, the Timer is incremented every state time, and the results of a read or write may not be accurate. The RCAP2 registers may be read but should not be written to, because a write might overlap a reload and cause write and/or reload errors. The timer should be turned off (clear TR2) before accessing the Timer 2 or RCAP2 registers. Modes 1 and 3Oscillator FrequencyBaud Rate32[65536-RCAP2H,RCAP2L]

9. Programmable Clock Out

A 50% duty cycle clock can be programmed to come out on P1.0. This pin, besides being a regular I/O pin, has two alternate functions. It can be programmed to input the external clock for Timer/Counter 2 or to output a 50% duty cycle clock ranging from 61 Hz to 4 MHz (for a 16-MHz operating frequency). To configure the Timer/Counter 2 as a clock generator, bit C/T2 (T2CON.1) must be cleared and bit T2OE (T2MOD.1) must be set. Bit TR2 (T2CON.2) starts and stops the timer. The clock-out frequency depends on the oscillator frequency and the reload value of Timer 2 capture registers (RCAP2H, RCAP2L), as shown in the following equation.

Oscilator Frequency Clock-Out Frequency=4[65536-(RCAP2H,RCAP2L)]

In the clock-out mode, Timer 2 roll-overs will not generate an interrupt. This

behavior is similar to when Timer 2 is used as a baud-rate generator. It is possible to use Timer 2 as a baud-rate gen-erator and a clock generator simultaneously. Note, however, that the baud-rate and clock-out frequencies cannot be determined independently from one another since they both use RCAP2H and RCAP2L.

10. Interrupts The AT89S52 has a total of six interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), three timer interrupts (Timers 0, 1, and 2), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. Note that bit position IE.6 is unimplemented. User software should not write a 1 to this bit position, since it may be used in future AT89 products. Timer 2 interrupt is generated by the logical OR of bits TF2 and EXF2 in register T2CON. Nei-ther of these flags is cleared by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. In fact, the service routine may have to determine whether it was TF2 or EXF2 that generated the interrupt, and that bit will have to be cleared in software. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. However, the Timer 2 flag, TF2, is set at S2P2 and is polled in the same cycle in which the timer overflows.

11. Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven,. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clock-ing circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

12. Idle Mode

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions regis-ters remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. Note that when idle mode is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes pro-gram execution from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset

algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when idle mode is terminated by a reset, the instruction following the one that invokes idle mode should not write to a port pin or to external memory.

13. Power-down Mode

In the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes Power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated. Exit from Power-down mode can be initiated either by a hardware reset or by an enabled external interrupt. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

主要性能 AT89S52单片机

• 与MCS-51单片机产品兼容

• 8K字节在系统可编程Flash存储器

• 1000次擦写周期

• 全静态操作：0Hz～33Hz

• 三级加密程序存储器

• 32个可编程I/O口线

• 三个16位定时器/计数器

• 八个中断源

• 全双工UART串行通道

• 低功耗空闲和掉电模式

• 掉电后中断可唤醒

• 看门狗定时器

• 双数据指针

• 掉电标识符

1. 功能特征描述

AT89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K 在系统可编程Flash 存储器。使用Atmel 公司高密度非易失性存储器技术制造，与工业80C51 产品指令和引脚完全兼容。片上Flash允许程序存储器在系统可编程，亦适于常规编程器。在单芯片上，拥有灵巧的8 位CPU 和在系统可编程Flash，使得AT89S52为众多嵌入式控制应用系统提供高灵活、超有效的解决方案。AT89S52具有以下标准功能： 8k字节Flash，256字节RAM，32 位I/O 口线，看门狗定时器，2 个数据指针，三个16 位定时器/计数器，一个6向量2级中断结构，全双工串行口，片内晶振及时钟电路。另外，AT89S52 可降至0Hz 静态逻辑操作，支持2种软件可选择节电模式。空闲模式下，CPU停止工作，允许RAM、定时器/计数器、串口、中断继续工作。掉电保护方式下，RAM内容被保存，振荡器被冻结，单片机一切工作停止，直到下一个中断或硬件复位为止。

2. 引脚功能

VCC ：电源 GND: 接地 P0口： P0口是一个8位漏极开路的双向I/O口。作为输出口，每位能驱动8个TTL逻辑电平。对P0端口写“1”时，引脚用作高阻抗输入。当访问外部程

序和数据存储器时，P0口也被作为低8位地址/数据复用。在这种模式下，P0具有内部上拉电阻。在flash编程时，P0口也用来接收指令字节；在程序校验时，输出指令字节。程序校验时，需要外部上拉电阻。

2.4 P1口：P1 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I/O 口，p1 输出缓冲器能驱动4 个TTL 逻辑电平。对P1 端口写“1”时，内部上拉电阻把端口拉高，此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时，被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因，将输出电流（IIL）。此外，P1.0和P1.2分别作定时器/计数器2的外部计数输入（P1.0/T2）和时器/计数器2的触发输入（P1.1/T2EX），具体如下表

2.5 P2口：P2 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I/O 口，P2 输出缓冲器能驱动4

个TTL 逻辑电平。对P2 端口写“1”时，内部上拉电阻把端口拉高，此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时，被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因，将输出电流（IIL）。在访问外部程序存储器或用16位地址读取外部数据存储器（例如执行MOVX @DPTR）时，P2 口送出高八位地址。在这种应用中，P2 口使用很强的内部上拉发送1。在使用8位地址（如MOVX @RI）访问外部数据存储器时，P2口输出P2锁存器的内容。在flash编程和校验时，P2口也接收高8位地址字节和一些控制信号。

2.6 P3口：P3 口是一个有内部上拉电阻的8 位双向I/O 口，p2 输出缓冲器能驱动4 个TTL 逻辑电平。对P3 端口写“1”时，内部上拉电阻把端口拉高，此时可以作为输入口使用。作为输入使用时，被外部拉低的引脚由于内部电阻的原因，将输出电流（IIL）。P3口亦作为AT89S52特殊功能（第二功能）使用，如下表所示。在flash编程和校验时，P3口也接收一些控制信号。

2.7 RST：复位输入。晶振工作时，RST脚持续2 个机器周期高电平将使单片机复位。看门狗计时完成后，RST 脚输出96 个晶振周期的高电平。特殊寄存器AUXR(地址8EH)上的DISRTO位可以使此功能无效。DISRTO默认状态下，复位高电平有效。

2.8 ALE/PROG：地址锁存控制信号（ALE）是访问外部程序存储器时，锁存低8 位地址的输出脉冲。在flash编程时，此引脚(PROG)也用作编程输入脉冲。在一般情况下，ALE 以晶振六分之一的固定频率输出脉冲，可用来作为外部定时器或时钟使用。然而，特别强调，在每次访问外部数据存储器时，ALE脉冲将会跳过。如果需要，通过将地址为8EH的SFR的第0位置 “1”，ALE操作将无效。这一位置 “1”，ALE 仅在执行MOVX 或MOVC指令时有效。否则，ALE 将被微弱拉高。这个ALE 使能标志位（地址为8EH的SFR的第0位）的设置对微控制器处于外部执行模式下无效。

2.9 PSEN：外部程序存储器选通信号(PSEN)是外部程序存储器选通信号。当AT89S52从外部程序存储器执行外部代码时，PSEN在每个机器周期被激活两次，而在访问外部数据存储器时，PSEN将不被激活。

2.10 EA/VPP：访问外部程序存储器控制信号。为使能从0000H 到FFFFH的外部程序存储器读取指令，EA必须接GND。为了执行内部程序指令，EA应该接VCC。在flash编程期间，EA也接收12伏VPP电压。

2.11 XTAL1：振荡器反相放大器和内部时钟发生电路的输入端。

2.12 XTAL2：振荡器反相放大器的输出端。

3. 存储器结构

MCS-51器件有单独的程序存储器和数据存储器。外部程序存储器和数据存储器都可以64K寻址。

3.1 程序存储器: 如果EA引脚接地，程序读取只从外部存储器开始。对于89S52，如果EA 接VCC，程序读写先从内部存储器（地址为0000H～1FFFH）开

始，接着从外部寻址，寻址地址为：2000H~FFFFH。

3.2 数据存储器: AT89S52 有256 字节片内数据存储器。高128 字节与特殊功能寄存器重叠。也就是说高128字节与特殊功能寄存器有相同的地址，而物理上是分开的。当一条指令访问高于7FH 的地址时，寻址方式决定CPU 访问高128 字节RAM 还是特殊功能寄存器空间。直接寻址方式访问特殊功能寄存器（SFR）。例如，下面的直接寻址指令访问0A0H（P2口）存储单元

MOV 0A0H , #data

使用间接寻址方式访问高128 字节RAM。例如，下面的间接寻址方式中，R0 内容为0A0H，访问的是地址0A0H的寄存器，而不是P2口（它的地址也是0A0H）。

MOV @R0 , #data

堆栈操作也是简介寻址方式。因此，高128字节数据RAM也可用于堆栈空间。

4. 看门狗定时器

WDT是一种需要软件控制的复位方式。WDT 由13位计数器和特殊功能寄存器中的看门狗定时器复位存储器（WDTRST）构成。WDT 在默认情况下无法工作；为了激活WDT，户用必须往WDTRST 寄存器（地址：0A6H）中依次写入01EH 和0E1H。当WDT激活后，晶振工作，WDT在每个机器周期都会增加。WDT计时周期依赖于外部时钟频率。除了复位（硬件复位或WDT溢出复位），没有办法停止WDT工作。当WDT溢出，它将驱动RSR引脚一个高个电平输出。

4.1 WDT的使用

为了激活WDT，用户必须向WDTRST寄存器（地址为0A6H的SFR）依次写入0E1H和0E1H。当WDT激活后，用户必须向WDTRST写入01EH和0E1H喂狗来避免WDT溢出。当计数达到8191(1FFFH)时，13 位计数器将会溢出，这将会复位器件。晶振正常工作、WDT激活后，每一个机器周期WDT 都会增加。为了复位WDT，用户必须向WDTRST 写入01EH 和0E1H（WDTRST 是只读寄存器）。WDT 计数器不能读或写。当WDT 计数器溢出时，将给RST 引脚产生一个复位脉冲输出，这个复位脉冲持续96个晶振周期（TOSC），其中TOSC=1/FOSC。为了很好地使用WDT，应该在一定时间内周期性写入那部分代码，以避免WDT复位。

4.2 掉电和空闲方式下的WDT

在掉电模式下，晶振停止工作，这意味这WDT也停止了工作。在这种方式下，用户不必喂狗。有两种方式可以离开掉电模式：硬件复位或通过一个激活的外部中断。通过硬件复位退出掉电模式后，用户就应该给WDT 喂狗，就如同通常AT89S52 复位一样。通过中断退出掉电模式的情形有很大的不同。中断应持续拉低很长一段时间，使得晶振稳定。当中断拉高后，执行中断服务程序。为了防止

WDT在中断保持低电平的时候复位器件，WDT 直到中断拉低后才开始工作。这就意味着WDT 应该在中断服务程序中复位。为了确保在离开掉电模式最初的几个状态WDT不被溢出，最好在进入掉电模式前就复WDT。在进入待机模式前，特殊寄存器AUXR的WDIDLE位用来决定WDT是否继续计数。默认状态下，在待机模式下，WDIDLE＝0，WDT继续计数。为了防止WDT在待机模式下复位AT89S52，用户应该建立一个定时器，定时离开待机模式，喂狗，再重新进入待机模式。

5. UART

在AT89S52 中，UART 的操作与AT89C51 和AT89C52 一样。为了获得更深入的关于UART 的信息，可参考ATMEL 网站（http//www.atmel.com）。从这个主页，选择“Products”，然后选择“8051-Architech Flash Microcontroller”，再选择“ProductOverview”即可。

6. 定时器0 和定时器1

在AT89S52 中，定时器0 和定时器1 的操作与AT89C51 和AT89C52 一样。为了获得更深入的关于UART 的信息，可参考ATMEL 网站（http://www.atmel.com）。从这个主页，选择“Products”，然后选择“8051-Architech Flash Microcontroller”，再选择“Product Overview”即可。

7. 定时器2

定时器2是一个16位定时/计数器，它既可以做定时器，又可以做事件计数器。其工作方式由特殊寄存器T2CON中的C/T2位选择（如表2所示）。定时器2有三种工作模式：捕捉方式、自动重载（向下或向上计数）和波特率发生器。如表3 所示，工作模式由T2CON中的相关位选择。定时器2 有2 个8位寄存器：TH2和TL2。在定时工作方式中，每个机器周期，TL2 寄存器都会加1。由于一个机器周期由12 个晶振周期构成，因此，计数频率就是晶振频率的1/12。

在计数工作方式下，寄存器在相关外部输入角T2 发生1 至0 的下降沿时增加1。在这种方式下，每个机器周期的S5P2期间采样外部输入。一个机器周期采样到高电平，而下一个周期采样到低电平，计数器将加1。在检测到跳变的这个周期的S3P1 期间，新的计数值出现在寄存器中。因为识别1－0的跳变需要2个机器周期（24个晶振周期），所以，最大的计数频率不高于晶振频率的1/24。为了确保给

定的电平在改变前采样到一次，电平应该至少在一个完整的机器周期内保持不变。

7.1 捕捉方式

在捕捉模式下，通过T2CON中的EXEN2来选择两种方式。如果EXEN2=0，定时器2时一个16位定时/计数器，溢出时，对T2CON 的TF2标志置位，TF2引起中断。如果EXEN2=1，定时器2做相同的操作。除上述功能外，外部输入T2EX引脚（P1.1）1至0的下跳变也会使得TH2和TL2中的值分别捕捉到RCAP2H和RCAP2L中。除此之外，T2EX 的跳变会引起T2CON 中的EXF2 置位。像TF2 一样，T2EX 也会引起中断。

7.2 自动重载

当定时器2 工作于16 位自动重载模式，可对其编程实现向上计数或向下计数。这一功能可以通过特殊寄存器T2MOD（见表4）中的DCEN（向下计数允许位）来实现。通过复位，DCEN 被置为0，因此，定时器2 默认为向上计数。DCEN 设置后，定时器2就可以取决于T2EX向上、向下计数。DCEN=0 时，定时器2 自动计数。通过T2CON 中的EXEN2 位可以选择两种方式。如果EXEN2=0，定时器2计数，计到0FFFFH后置位TF2溢出标志。计数溢出也使得定时器寄存器重新从RCAP2H 和RCAP2L 中加载16 位值。定时器工作于捕捉模式，RCAP2H和RCAP2L的值可以由软件预设。如果EXEN2=1，计数溢出或在外部T2EX（P1.1）引脚上的1到0的下跳变都会触发16位重载。这个跳变也置位EXF2中断标志位。置位DCEN，允许定时器2向上或向下计数。在这种模式下，T2EX引脚控制着计数的方向。T2EX上的一个逻辑1使得定时器2向上计数。定时器计到0FFFFH溢出，并置位TF2。定时器的溢出也使得RCAP2H和RCAP2L中的16位值分别加载到定时器存储器TH2和TL2中。T2EX 上的一个逻辑0 使得定时器2 向下计数。当TH2 和TL2 分别等于RCAP2H 和RCAP2L中的值的时候，计数器下溢。计数器下溢，置位TF2，并将0FFFFH加载到定时器存储器中。定时器2上溢或下溢，外部中断标志位EXF2 被锁死。在这种工作模式下，EXF2不能触发中断。

8. 波特率发生器

通过设置T2CON中的TCLK或RCLK可选择定时器2 作为波特率发生器。如果定时器2作为发送或接收波特率发生器，定时器1可用作它用，发送和接收的波特率可以不同。如图8 所示，设置RCLK 和（或）TCLK 可以使定时器2 工作于波特率产生模式。波特率产生工作模式与自动重载模式相似，因此，TH2 的翻转使得定时器2 寄存器重载被软件预置16位值的RCAP2H和RCAP2L中的值。模式1和模式3的波特率由定时器2溢出速率决定，具体如下公式：

定时器2溢出率 模式1和模式3波特率=16

定时器可设置成定时器，也可为计数器。在多数应用情况下，一般配置成定时方式

（CP/T2=0）。定时器2 用于定时器操作与波特率发生器有所不同，它在每一机器周期

（1/12晶振周期）都会增加；然而，作为波特率发生器，它在每一机器状态（1/2晶振

周期）都会增加。波特率计算公式如下：

晶振频率 32[65536（RCAP2H,RCAP2L）]其中，（RCAP2H,RCAP2L）是RCAP2H和RCAP2L组成的16位无符号整数。特别强调，模式1和模式3波特率=

TH2的翻转并不置位TF2，也不产生中断； EXEN2置位后，T2EX引脚上1～0的下跳变不会使（RCAP2H，RCAP2L）重载到（TH2，TL2）中。因此，定时器2作为波特率发生器，T2EX也还可以作为一个额外的外部中断。定时器2处于波特率产生模式，TR2=1，定时器2正常工作。TH2或TL2不应该读写。在这种模式下，定时器在每一状态都会增加，读或写就不会准确。寄存器RCAP2可以读，但不能写，因为写可能和重载交迭，造成写和重载错误。在读写定时器2 或RCAP2寄存器时，应该关闭定时器（TR2清0）。

9. 可编程时钟输出

可以通过编程在P1.0 引脚输出一个占空比为50%的时钟信号。这个引脚除了常规的I/O 角外，还有两种可选择功能。它可以通过编程作为定时器/计数器2 的外部时钟输入或占空比为50%的时钟输出。当工作频率为16MHZ时，时钟输出频率范围为61HZ到4HZ。为了把定时器2配置成时钟发生器，位C/T2（T2CON.1）必须清0，位T2OE（T2MOD.1）必须置1。位TR2（T2CON.2）启动、停止定时器。时钟输出频率取决于晶振频率和定时器2捕捉寄存器（RCAP2H，RCAP2L）的重载值，如公式所示：

时钟输出频率

晶振频率4[65536（RCAP2H,RCAP2L）]

在时钟输出模式下，定时器2不会产生中断，这和定时器2用作波特率发生器一样。定时器2也可以同时用作波特率发生器和时钟产生。不过，波特率和输出时钟频率相互并不独立，它们都依赖于RCAP2H和RCAP2L。

10. 中断

AT89S52 有6个中断源：两个外部中断（INT0 和INT1），三个定时中断（定时器0、1、2）和一个串行中断。每个中断源都可以通过置位或清除特殊寄存器IE 中的相关中断允许控制位分别使得中断源有效或无效。IE还包括一个中

断允许总控制位EA，它能一次禁止所有中断。IE.6位是不可用的。对于AT89S52，IE.5位也是不能用的。用户软件不应给这些位写1。它们为AT89系列新产品预留。定时器2可以被寄存器T2CON中的TF2和EXF2的或逻辑触发。程序进入中断服务后，这些标志位都可以由硬件清0。实际上，中断服务程序必须判定是否是TF2 或EXF2激活中断，标志位也必须由软件清0。定时器0和定时器1标志位TF0 和TF1在计数溢出的那个周期的S5P2被置位。它们的值一直到下一个周期被电路捕捉下来。然而，定时器2 的标志位TF2 在计数溢出的那个周期的S2P2被置位，在同一个周期被电路捕捉下来。

11. 晶振特性

AT89S52 单片机有一个用于构成内部振荡器的反相放大器，XTAL1 和XTAL2 分别是放大器的输入、输出端。石英晶体和陶瓷谐振器都可以用来一起构成自激振荡器。从外部时钟源驱动器件的话，XTAL2 可以不接，而从XTAL1 接入。由于外部时钟信号经过二分频触发后作为外部时钟电路输入的，所以对外部时钟信号的占空比没有其它要求，最长低电平持续时间和最少高电平持续时间等还是要符合要求的。

12. 空闲模式

在空闲工作模式下，CPU 处于睡眠状态，而所有片上外部设备保持激活状态。这种状态可以通过软件产生。在这种状态下，片上RAM和特殊功能寄存器的内容保持不变。空闲模式可以被任一个中断或硬件复位终止。由硬件复位终止空闲模式只需两个机器周期有效复位信号，在这种情况下，片上硬件禁止访问内部RAM，而可以访问端口引脚。空闲模式被硬件复位终止后，为了防止预想不到的写端口，激活空闲模式的那一条指令的下一条指令不应该是写端口或外部存储器。

13. 掉电模式

在掉电模式下，晶振停止工作，激活掉电模式的指令是最后一条执行指令。片上RAM和特殊功能寄存器保持原值，直到掉电模式终止。掉电模式可以通过硬件复位和外部中断退出。复位重新定义了SFR 的值，但不改变片上RAM 的值。在VCC未恢复到正常工作电压时，硬件复位不能无效，并且应保持足够长的时间以使晶振重新工作和初始化。