医学英语课后翻译
UNIT1
1.Although the DNA in the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genetic information for all human traits, only a small number of genes are actually active in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the
specific cell type.
尽管每一个细胞核中的DNA 都包含有人类特性的所有遗传信息,但实际上只有少数基因在特定细胞中有活性,这些活性基因是特有的细胞类型所必需的蛋白密码。
2.In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, but they need some help to do this.
在易化扩散中,分子经一层膜从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动,但分子要完成这一工作需要某些帮助。
3.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, that is, certain substances are permitted to pass through and others are not. 细胞膜的渗透性是有选择性的,即某些物质允许通过,而其他物质则不行。
4.Filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. 过滤是指水和已溶解物质经一层膜从高压区到低压区。
5.Active transport requires the energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration. 主动转运需要ATP 这种能量,使分子从低浓度区域向高浓度区域移动。
Unit2
1.At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be as precise as it is in older children or younger adults.
然而,在年龄段两端的人群,其体温调节精确程度都不如少年或青年人。
2.The pathways of heat loss from the body are the skin, respiratory tract, and to a lesser extent, the urinary and digestive tracts.
人体散热途径是经皮肤、呼吸道,少量经尿道和消化道散热。
3.Changes in body temperature also have an effect on metabolic rate and heat production. This becomes clinically important when a person has a fever, an abnormally high body temperature.
人体体温的变化也会影响代谢率和产热。当一个人发热、体温异常升高时,从临床上讲,体温变化就显得重要了。
4.Anabolism means synthesis or “formation” reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones. 合成代谢是指综合或“形成”性反应,即把小的分子结合在一起形成更大的分子。
5.Catabolism means decomposition, the breaking of bonds of larger molecules to form smaller molecules. Cell respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that break down food molecules to carbon dioxide and water.
分解代谢是指分解,即将较大分子的键打断使其分解成小分子。细胞呼吸过程就是一连串的分解代谢反应——将食物分子分解成二氧化碳和水。
UNIT3
1.Ventricular contraction forces blood against the flaps of the right and left AV valves and closes them; the force of blood also opens the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves.
心室收缩使血液施压于左右房室瓣并使其关闭;血液的压力也使主动脉半月瓣和肺动脉半月瓣打开。
2.Palpations are usually not serious, and may be the result of too much caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol. Much more serious is ventricular fibrillation, a very rapid and uncoordinated ventricular beat that is totally ineffective for pumping blood.
心悸通常不会很严重,可能因摄入的咖啡因、尼古丁或酒精过量引起。更为严重的是室颤,室颤是一种快速而无节律的心室跳动,可以导致心脏无效泵血。
3.Although the heart generates and maintains its own beat, the rate of contraction can be changed to adapt to different situations. The nervous system can and does bring about necessary changes in heart rate as well as in force of contraction 尽管心脏自身产生心跳并维持心跳,但为了适应不同情况还可以改变收缩率。神经系统能使心率和心肌收缩力进行必要的改变。
4.The heart will also be the effector in a reflex stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood. The aortic receptors are strategically located so as to detect such an important change as soon as blood leaves the heart.
心脏在受到血氧量下降激起的反射中起到效应器的作用。主动脉感受器的位置非常关键,因而在血液从心脏泵出时,
感受器能探查出其重要的变化。
5.The cardiac cycle is a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated by the electrical activity of the myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells have the ability to contract spontaneously, that is, nerve impulses are not required to cause contraction. 心循环是一系列受到心肌电活性调节的机械性活动。心肌细胞能自主收缩,即不需要神经冲动而引起收缩。
UNIT4
1. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.
生理学成功解释了生物体如何进行日常活动,基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器,其运行机制受物理和化学规律的调控。
2. Although it is helpful to study how each organ performs its functions, it is essential to recognize that the activity of the body as a whole is dependent on the intricate interactions between the various organ systems.
虽然研究各器官如何行使功能很有益处,但我们必须认识到机体作为一个整体所做的活动依赖于各器官系统间错综复杂的相互作用。
3. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner.
如果细胞外液中钾离子过多,心肌细胞的兴奋性增强,可能出现不规律收缩。
4. A negative feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the variable in question but not to other physiological variables.
负反馈环是在机体出现紊乱时,通过感受器对出现的各种问题做出反应,而不是对其他生理变化做出反应。
5. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment.
每个功能结构都在维持细胞外液稳态方面发挥其作用,这称之为内环境。
UNIT5
1.The body is constantly striving to maintain a constant internal environment in the midst of ever-changing conditions. 身体在持续变化的条件下努力维持内环境的恒定。
2.Cardiac output then becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the body, and the patient loses consciousness because insufficient blood reaches the brain.
心输出量不足以满足身体的需要,病人就会因为没有足够的血液到达大脑而失去意识。
3.The liver releases stored glucose into the blood when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, thus providing an increased energy source for actively metabolizing cells.
当受到交感神经系统的刺激时,肝脏会释放储存的葡萄糖到血液里,从而为活跃的新陈代谢细胞提供更多的能量来源。
4.People subject to migraine headaches are generally hard-working and like order; a threat or a conflict causes them to become tense and fatigued.
易患偏头痛的人通常工作勤奋、喜欢井井有条,某种惊吓或矛盾冲突会使他们情绪紧张,身心疲惫。
5.Asthma, a disease characterized by marked changes in the diameter of the bronchi and obstruction of the air passageways, usually has an allergic basis.
哮喘通常有过敏的基础,这种疾病表现出支气管直径明显变化和气道阻塞。