英语的各种时态

（一）一般现在时: 主+谓（is/am/are/do/does）+宾

1. 表示经常性或习惯性动作 : We always care for each other and help each other.

2. 表示现在的特征或状态 He is very happy.

3. 表示普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。

（二）一般过去时: 主+谓（was/were/did)+宾

1. 表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语

或从句连用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.

2. 表示过去习惯性动作。例如： I used to do my homework in the library.

（三）一般将来时: ①主+谓（is/am/are going to do)+宾；②主+wiil +do+ sth ；

③主+be (is/am/are) about to do sth

1. 表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如I will/shall graduate next year.

2. 一般将来时有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如：Crops will die without water. You won’t succeed without their support.

3. 几种替代形式：

(1) be going to＋动词原形结构的用法这种结构表示主体现在的意图，即打算在最近或将来要做

某事。例如：What are you going to do next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么？

此外, 这种结构也可表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为很可能即将发生某事。这时主语既可指人

也可指物，此结构往往表示客观事态的发展，而不是表示主观的意图。

例如：Look at these black clouds. —It’s going to rain. 看这些乌云。天快要下雨了。

I’m afraid I’m going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。

注：be going to与will用法上的异同及比较说明：

① be going to与will都可用来表示即将发生的事情。前者多用于口语，后者常用于书面语和

正式文告中。例如：There’ll (＝is going to) be a football match in our school next week.

下周我校将举行（有）一场足球赛。

② be going to 与will都可用来表示意图。例如：

I will (＝am going to) climb the hill tomorrow. 我将于明天去登山。

注：一般来说，“意图”是事先经过考虑的，用be going to表示；反之则用will。will还多用

于对话中，即一方听了对方的话后所作出的反应。例如：They’re going to meet at the school

gate. 他们打算在学校大门见面。

Please bring me a cup of tea. 请给我端杯茶来。I’ll do it in a minute. 我马上就去（端）。

③ be going to常含有“即将”之意；而will即可表示“即将”又可表示“较长时间后的未来”，或不表示任何特定的将来时间概念。例如：

We’re going to visit the factory. 我们即将去参观那家工厂。 He’ll write a book one

day.他有朝一日要写书。The house will break down. 那屋子（迟早）要倒塌。

④ 表示预测：be going to表示有发生某事的迹象；will则表示说话者认为要发生某事。

如：It’s very dark and cold. It’s going to snow. 天很暗而且非常冷，要下雪了。

I’m sure he’ll be back in an hour. 我确信他一小时后会回来。

⑤ 在表示“询问对方是否愿意”以及表示“客气的邀请”时，常用will。

例如：Will you lend me the book? 你能把那本书借给我吗？

⑥ be going to可用于条件句，表示将来的时间，will一般不能。

If you are going to watch TV this evening, you’d better finish your homework now.

你若想今晚看电视，最好现在就完成作业。

⑦ 如果条件从句表示将来发生的动作或状态，主句中常用will，而条件从句中则用一般现在时表 示。If you go to England, you will like the food there. 如果你去英国，你会喜欢那儿的食物的。

(2) be＋动词不定式结构的用法

这种结构着重指按计划或安排将要发生某事。常表示“职责、意图、约定、可能性”等。如：

You are to be back by 11 o’clock. 你必须11点回来。We are to meet at the zoo. 我们约定在

动物园见面。The football match is not to be played today.今天不能举行足球比赛了。

(3) be about＋动词不定式结构的用法

这种结构表示“最近或马上要发生的动作”, 不与具体时间状语连用

例如：I was about to leave when Mary came. 我正要走时, 玛丽来了。

(4) be＋v.-ing结构的用法

这种结构表示按计划即将发生的动作，用进行时形式表示将来的时间，但只适用于表示位置移动

的动词。例如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, move, return, fly (乘飞机)等，并常伴有表示将来

时间的状语以区别于进行时的动作。

例如：Where are you going this Saturday? 这个星期六你准备去哪儿？

Mr. Li is flying to Shanghai tomorrow morning. 李先生明天早晨乘飞机去上海。

(5) 用一般现在时表示将来的时间的用法

这种用法除了动词be外，一般适用于表示位置转移的动词， 例如：go, come, leave, start,

arrive, move, return, fly等，或表示根据规定或时间表上预计要发生的动作或事态。 此外，在

由if, when, as soon as, until, till, after, before等引导的条件或时间状语从句中，若主句为将来

时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来的时间。例如：

I’m free this afternoon. 我今天下午有空 .School starts on September 1. 学校9月1日开学。

I’ll give the book to him as soon as he returns. 他一回来，我就把书给他。

（四）现在进行时：主+ 谓（is/am/are）+动ing+宾语

1. 表示现在某时或某段时间内正在进行的动作。He is writing a letter now.

2. 有时用来代替一般现在时态，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这时是为了表示一种感情（如赞

叹，厌烦，满意，不满等）。

He is always thinking of his work. (表示赞许)The boy is always talking in class. （表示不满）

3. 有时用来表示一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有一个表示未来的时间状语）。

How many of you are coming to the party?

（五）现在完成时 : 主+have +done+宾

1. 现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。

例如： I have just finished my homework. Mary has been ill for three days.

2. 完成时态可用在下列结构中：

(1) This (That, It) is (was) the first (second...) time +定语从句；

(2) This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；

(3) This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。

如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一

般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：

This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

（六）过去进行时

过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去反复

的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用。例如：

We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

（七）过去完成时 : 主+had+done+宾主 句子结构：1、主+谓（及物动词vt)+宾; 2、主+谓（不

及物动词vi)；3、主+谓+宾+宾补、、、、、、、

1. 表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或

一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：

We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

2. 动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示

过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year,

but I wasn't able to get away.

另外两种表示

(1) was / were + to have done sth.

例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn't.

(2)intended/expected/hope/meant/planned/supposed/wished/wanted/desired

+ to have done sth. 如：

I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

3. 过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

① hardly, scarcely, barely +过去完成时+ when +过去时。例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

② no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

③ by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

The experiment had been finished by 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon.

(八) 一般过去将来时

1. 一般过去将来时的形式should / would+ 动词原形 或 was / were + 动词-ing形式

2. 一般过去将来时常用于宾语从句中，其主语的谓语动词为过去时态，可表示从过去某时看来将 要发生的事情，如：He said that he would speak at the meeting.

He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy.

（九）现在完成进行时

表示动作从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远时候。现在完成进行时所用动词均为延

续性动词。

例如：I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it.

注意：运用动词时态要注意的几个问题

1. 在时间和条件等状语从句中不要用将来时态，如：We’ll give him the book if he wants it. He decided to fight back if he was hit again.I’ll call you as soon as I’ve finished my work.

2. 时态的一致（时态的呼应），如We saw that the smoke was coming from a window.

I didn’t know if she would come.He admitted that he had been on the march.

*不进行时态调整的情况：

(1) 从句说的是一种普遍真理，如：

Long ago, people didn’t know the earth moves round the sun.

(2) 当从句的谓语改成过去时可能造成误会，如Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?

3. 瞬间动词在完成时态中的使用，如：

误：I have received her letter for three months. 正：I received her letter three months ago. 正：It is three months since I received her letter.

4. 注意某些要求一定时态的句型

* was/ were doing sth. when „did sth. I was reading a book when the bell rang.

* was/were about to do sth. when „ did sth. She was about to go out when it started to rain * 表示做事做了第几次或共几次，要用完成时态，如：

It’s the first time I’ve seen her. We have been there three times.

* It is / has been„ Since. It is (has been) two weeks since I came here.

* hardly„when„ . We had hardly got in the crops when it began to rain.

* no sooner„than„ No sooner had I come into the room than the door was closed. 过去完成时的谓语动词构成

I/ we/ you/ they had worked he/ she/ it had worked

1.表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，常与由by，before引导的时间状语连用。

We had learned 5000 words by the end of last month.

到上个月底为止我已经学了五千个单词。

I had finished the composition before supper 晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了。

2.表示过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，常与由when，before等连词引导的时间状语从句连

用。例When I woke up it had already stopped raining. 我醒来的时候雨就已经停了。

I hadn't learned any English before I came here.我来这儿之前没学过英语。

常用于引导这类状语从句的连词有：when当...的时候，as soon as一...就，before在...之前，

after在...之后，until直到，等。

3.用于宾语从句或间接引语中

I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission.

我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。

He told me that he had passed the exam.

他告诉我他已通过考试。

4.某些动词的过去完成时表示一个打算要做却没有做成的事。

I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn't get away.

昨晚我本打算来看你，但有人来找，脱不开身。

We had hoped to catch the early bus, but found it was gone.

我们本希望搭早班车，却发现车已开了。

这类动词有：intend打算，hope希望，plan计划，mean预定，want想要，think想要，等。

5.用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句中

If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.如果你昨天来的话，你就已经见到他的了。She would have come if she hadn’t been so busy.要不是这么忙的话，她就已经来了。

过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果

过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态：

基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他 ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）

将来完成时 用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。

经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time

引导的现在时的从句连用。

1) 构成will / be going to do sth.

2) 概念 a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。

b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。 They will have been married for 20 years by then.

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

将来完成时的构成

Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。

He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.

他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。

Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?

到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？

将来完成时的用法

①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。

We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.

到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.

你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。

②表示推测，相当于

You will have heard of this, I guess.

我想你已经听说过这件事了。

I am sure he will have got the information.

我相信他一定得到了这个信息。