英语虚拟语气
虚拟语气
一、虚拟条件句
1.if条件句中的虚拟语气
在if非真实条件句中,主句和从句谓语动词主要有以下几种形式:
例1、If there were no subjunctive mood, English_______much easier to learn.
A.could have been B.would be C.will be D. would have been.
译文:如果没有虚拟语气,英语学起来就会更容易了。
详解:答案选( ),本题表示与现在事实相反的假设。表示与现在事实相反,条件从句用一般过去时,主句使用should(would)
+动词原形。
例2、If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he_____able to advise you much better than I
can.
A.would be B.will have been C.was D.were
译文:如果你把情况向你的事务律师说明,他会比我更能给你提出好的建议。
详解:答案选( )。本句条件从句中的谓语动词用了过去式explained,说明其内容与现在或将来的情况相反,所以主句谓语应
该由“would+动词原形”构成。
2.省略if的虚拟条件句的用法
在虚拟条件句中,有时可将if省去,而把were,had或should提到主语之前,引起倒装。
如果句中没有were,had或should等,则不能省略if,也不能用倒装结构。
例3、_______for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.
A.Had it not been B.Hadn't it been C.Was it not D.Were it not
译文:要不是因为摔断了腿,她或许已经通过了考试。
详解:答案选( )。由于主句中使用了might have done结构,说明此句表示的内容与过去事实相反,故从句中应该使用had done
结构。若要将虚拟条件句中的连词省去,则需将助动词提到主语前面,因此Had it not been为正确答案。
3.错综时间虚拟条件句
有些时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生在不同的时间,比如一个是过去发生,
一个是现在发生。这时,动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。
例4、________if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?
A.Would you be surprised B.Were you surprised
C.Had you been surprised. D.Would you have been surprised
4.含蓄虚拟条件句
条件句中的虚拟语气除了用连词if 引导外,还可用but for,without,with,in the absence of,
under,but,that,otherwise,supposing,provided等形式引导。例如:
With the basic date collected one month earlier, we should have more time to check them
要是这些原始数据提早一个月收齐,我们就会有更多的时间去核对。
But for their help, we could not have finished the work on time.
如果没有他们的帮助,我们就不可能按时完成那项工作。
二.从句中的虚拟语气
1.虚拟语气在宾语从句中的使用
(1)wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要形式为:
表示与现在相反的愿望:wish+主语+动词过去式
表示与过去相反的愿望:wish+主语+had+过去分词或would/could+have+过去分词
表示与将来相反的愿望:wish+主语+would/could/might+动词原形
例如:
I wish I were as strong as you我希望像你一样健壮。
Tom wishes that he had studied business instead of history when he was in university.
汤姆宁愿在大学学的是商务而不是历史。
I wish he would try again.我希望他还能再试一次。
I wish he would try again.我希望他还能再试一次。
(2)“had hoped (that)+would+动词原形”表示过去没有实现的愿望,意为“本来想要,但愿”,
例如:I had hoped that I wouldn't bore you by talking about my children.
但愿我谈论我的孩子没有使你厌倦。
(3)would rather,would sooner, would just, as soon, might as well, would prefer后面跟虚拟语
气,表示愿望,意为“宁愿”,“但愿”,形式为:“would rather/sooner+主语+谓语动词过去
时”表示过去的愿望,例如:
I would rather/sooner you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天去。
I would rather I had not gone to the party yesterday evening.要是我昨天晚上没有去参加那个晚
会就好了。
(4)if only 引导的感叹句表示“但愿”,“要是„„就好了”。它的用法和I wish基本相同,只
是更具有感情色彩。在if only引出的句子中,“would+动词原形”表示一种一时很难实现的
愿望,动词过去式表示一种意愿或假设,动词过去完成式表示希望和过去的事实相反的情况
出现。例如:
If only I had more time to think about it.但愿我有更多的时间考虑它。
If only he would not eat so much sugar.要是他不吃那么多糖就好了。
If only he had taken my advice years ago.要是几年前他听了我的劝告就好了。
例1. If only the patient_______ a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still
be alive now.
A.had received B.received C.should receive D.were receiving
译文:要是病人没有使用抗生素而是接受了不同的治疗,他可能现在还活着。
详解:答案为( )。If only常常用来表达强烈的愿望或遗憾,主要用在虚拟语气中。由于
所提事实与过去事实相反,所以用过去完成时。
(5)在表示命令、建议或要求等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气,谓语形式为
“(should)+动词原形”。这类动词有:ask, advise, commend, decide, determine, insist, intend,
move, prefer, propose, order, recommend等等。例如:
They demanded that the aggressor troops(should)be withdrawn immediately.
他们要求立即撤出侵略军。
2.主语从句中的虚拟语气
It is+引起虚拟的形容词或过去分词+that„结构中,that引导的主语从句中的谓语动词应
“(should)+动词原形。这类形容词有:appropriate,advisable,desirable,important,necessary,
vital urgent,preferable,essential等等。过去分词有:arranged,desired,suggested,recommended,
required,demanded等等。
例2 It is imperative that the government ______ more investment into the ship-building industry.
A.attracts B. shall attract C. attract D. has to
【译文】势在必行的是,政府应该在船坞制造业吸引更多的投资。
【详解】答案为C。it is imperative that...表明that 从句需要使用虚拟语气,其形式为“should+
动词原形”,其中should可以省略。
3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表明建议、命令、主张、目的、愿意等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中的谓语动词要
求用虚拟语气,形式为“(should)+动词原形”。这类名词有:advice,decision,demand,
desire,idea,motion,proposal,pray,resolution,request等等。
例3 He left orders that nothing _____ touched until the police arrived here.
A. should be B. ought to be C. must be D. would be
【译文】他留下命令说警察到这里之前不得碰任何东西。
【详解】答案为A。orders 表明其后面的同位语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气,形式为
“(should)+动词原形”,故选项A正确。
4.状语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)as if 和as though 后面所跟的虚拟语气形式如下:
·主句+as if/though +主语+were或动词过去式(表示与主句动词同时发生);
·主句+as if/though +主语+could 或would+动词原形(表示动作可能在将来发生);
·主句+as if/though +主语+had+过去分词(表示从句谓语的动作发生在主句动作之前)。
例如:
It seems as if ti was(were)spring already.现在仿佛现在是春天了。
It seems as if he would recover.看来他好像会康复。
It seems as if she had been to England.好像她到过英国似的。
(2)Though ,even if, even though, whatever, however, whether... be 等连接代词或副词引导的
让步状语从句中可以使用虚拟语气,但主句一般用直陈语气。
例4 _____, I'll marry him all the same.
A.Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or poor C. Were he rich or poor D. Be he rich
or poor
【译文】不管他是贫穷还是富裕,我都会嫁给他。
【详解】答案为D。Whether...be 让步转语从句有时可将whether省去,把be提前。故正确
答案为D。将be he rich or poor 还原即为whether he be rich or poor。
(3)in case,for fear that lest 引导目的状语从句表示“以防万一”,“唯恐,免得”,虚拟语气
形式为“(should)+动词原形”。例如:
He took the raincoat with him lest it (should)rain.他带上了雨伞,以防下雨。
三 其他句型中的虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood in Other Sentence Patterns)
1.It is (high/about) time 结构
在Itis (high/about)time that...后面跟虚拟语气,通常要用过去时有时也用should+动词原形,
意为“该是干„„的时候了”。注意和句型It is the first (second/third)time +that从句的区别。
句型It's the first (second/third)time +that...表示一种经历,that从句要使用完成时态。试比较:
It is high time that we went home now.我们现在该回家了。
It's the fifth time that he has rung you in a week.
这是他在一周之内第五次给你打电话了。
例1 That was not the first time he ______ us. I think it's high time we _____ strong actions
against him.
A.betrayed... take B.had betrayed... took C.has betrayed... took D.betrayed...take
【译文】那不是他第一次背叛我们。我认为我们该对他采取强硬措施了。
【详解】答案为B。当句子里有序数词first/second/third...时,后面的定语从句要用完成失态,
前一个句子是过去时,所以应该用过去完成时,即had betrayed;后一句使用了It is high time...
句型,其中从句里谓语动词要用过去式,表示对现在事实的虚拟,即took。
2.情态动词用于虚拟语气
(1) needn't have done 表示过去做了某事,但却完全没有必要。例如:
You needn't have done all those calculations. We have a computer to do that sort of thing.你没有
必要做全部计算,这类计算我们用计算机来做。
(2) can't/couldn't have done 表示推测某种动作不可能发生。例如:
The room is in a terrible mess;it can't have been cleaned.
房间里乱七八糟,一定没打打扫过。
(3) may/might have done 表示对过去事情的推测。例如:
He might have finished his homework.他或许已经完成他的作业了。
(4) must have done 表示对过去事实的肯定推测。例如:
Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; she must have studied very hard.玛丽的考试成
绩全班第一,她学习一定很刻苦。
(5) should/would have done 表示本应该干某些却没有干。例如:
(6) You should have returned the book earlier.你本应该早点归还那本书。
例2 She ____ fifty or so when I first met at the conference.
A. must be B had been C.could be D must have been
【译文】我第一次唉惠仪上遇到她时,她一定是50岁左右了。
【详解】答案为D。英语中表示“肯定”的推测,用情态动词must,对过去的推测,是must
have done。根据句子意思为对过去的推测,估D正确。
四、典型真题训练
1、I was have made a speech if__________.
A.I was not called away B. nobody would have called me away
C.I had not been called away D.nobody called me away
2、Much as_______, I couldn't lend him the money because I simply didn't have that much spare cash.]
A.I would have liked to B.I would like to have
C.I should have to like D.I should have liked to
3、Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she_____much better results now.
A.would be getting B.could have got C.must get D.would get
4、It is absolutely essential that William ______his study in spite of some learning difficulties.
A.will continue B.continued C.continue D.continues
5、If only I _____play the guitar as well as you!
A.would B. could. C.should D.might
6、It's high time we____cutting down the rainforests.
A.stopped B.hat to stop C.shall stop D.stop
7、_____you_____further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice.
A.If, had B.Have, had C.Should, have D.In case, had
8、It is imperative that students_____their term papers on time.
A.hand in B.would hand in C.have to hand in D.handed in
9、The opening ceremony is a great occasion; it is essential _____for that.
A.for us to be prepared B.that we are prepared
C.of us to be prepared D.our being prepared
10、——what courses are you going to do next semester?
——I don't know. But it's about time_____on someting
A.I'd decide B.I decided C. I decide D.I'm deciding
11、 You________Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.
A. needn't have told B.needn't tell C must't have told D. mustn't tell
12、He____unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful.
A.may have acted B.must have acted C. should act D.would act
13、If you have really been studying English for so long, it's about time you_____able to write letters in English.
A.should be B.were C.must be D.are
14、If your car____any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.
A.shall need B.should need. C.would need D.will need
15、You______Mark anything. It was none of his business.
A.needn't have told B.needn't tell C.mustn't have told D. mustn't tell