英国历史大事件年表
英国历史大事件年表
古代英国
-55BC Early settlement
750BC Celts began to come to setttle in the British Isles
55BC Early settlement
55BC-410 Roman Occupation
54BC Julius Caesar invaded Britain
43BC Roman Emperor Claudius sent Roman Legions to Britain and
conquered England
410 AD Romen Legions were withdraw from Britain
410~871 Anglo-Saxon Times:beginning of Feudalism
8th~1066 Vikings
SAXON RULERS
829 Egbert ruled England
871 King Alfred fought against the Danish11
DANISH RULERS
1016 Danish King Canute conquered England , and became king of England
SAXON RULERS
1066 Harold became king, and was killled at Hastings. The Battle of Hastings .Duke of Normany ,William conquered England and was crowned on Christmas Day,as king William Ⅰ.
HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET
1154 Henry Ⅱ began the House of Angou
KINGS OF ENGLAND AND LORDS OF IRELAND
1170 Henry Ⅱ four knights to kill the Archbishop of Canterbury
Thomas Becket
1198 Richard Ⅰ.joined the third crursade
1215 King John signed the Magna Carte
1265 Simon de Montfort summoned the first parliament
1282 Edward Ⅰconquered Wales
1295 Edward Ⅰsummoned “Model Parliament”
1296 Edward Ⅰ invaded Scotland
1337~1453 The Hundred Years’war 1348 The Black Death struck England 1381 Wat Tyler Uprising
HOUSE OF LANCASTER
1399 Henry Ⅳ began the House of Lancaster
1455-1485 the wars of the Roses
HOUSE OF YORK
1461 Edward Ⅳ began the house of York
近代英国
HOUSE OF TUDOR
1485 Henry Ⅶ began the house of Tudor
1509 Henry Ⅶ came to the throne
1516 Thomas More published Utopia
1534 Henry Ⅷ passed the “Act of Supremacy”
KINGS(QUEENS) OF ENDLAND AND IRELAND
1558 Elizabeth Ⅰwas crowned
1587 Elizabeth Ⅰ ordered Mary Queen of Scots to sentenced to death
1588 England defeated Spain’s Armada
1600 The East India Company was set up
KINGS(QUEENS) OF ENGLAND ,SCOTLAND AND IRELAND HOUSE OF STAUART
1603 James Ⅰbegan the house of stuart 1629 Charles agreed to sign the Petition of Right 1642 King Charles sent soldiers to arrest the Parliament leaders and
Points” the League of nation.Britain divided with France the control over German-held territory in Aferica and the Near East
1924 Ramsay Macponald led the first Labour Party government
KINGS(QUEENS)OF UNITED KINGDOM OF GREATBRITAIN AND
NORTHERN IRELAND
1929 NY stock Market crashed, beginning the Great Depression
1932 Britain enacted protective tariffs and ceased payment on war
debts to US
1935 Baldwin replaced MacDonald as Prime Minister
1936 George VI came to throne, social problems faded with the emergence of Nazism 1937 Baldwin resigened to be succeeded as rime Minister by Neille
Chamberlain
1939 On September 3th Chamberlain broadcast to the nation that
Britain was in the Second World War
1940 Winston Churchil formed a coalition government
1941 the pearl Habor Event-us joined withBritain against Japan
German troops weakened after failure in invading Russia-The Battle of Stalingrad
1944 The Allied Forces landed in Normandy
1945 In the end of the Second World War, Germany and Japan
subsequently surrender.
1947 India and Pakistan gain independence from Britain.
1949 NATO,the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ,was estiblished.
And Brit in had declined to attend the Council of Europe.
1950:The Korean War broke out.
Elizabeth ‖
1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth‖.
A four-day London “smog” raised the city’s death toll to three
times its normal.
1955 London passed its Clean Air Act.
Wartime hero Winston Churchill in ill health resigned.
1956 The Suez Crisis broke out.
1957 Treaty of Rome established the European Econormic Community.
1967 Britain was forced to devalue the pound in an attempt to check
inflation and improve the trade deficit.
1973 Britain became a full member of the European Community which
was still called the Common Market.
And joined the European Union Britain witnessed the first oil
shock.
1979 Margaret Thatcher became the Prime Minister.
1981 Prince Charles married lady Diana Spencer.
1984 Mrs. Thatcher visited China.
1990 John Major took over thereigns of the Conserative Party as Prime
Minister.
1993 Britain ratified the Maastricht Treaty.
1995 Major resigned as party leader in June.
1997 Diana Princess died in an autommobtle accident in Paris. HK was returned to Chinese sovereignty. Tony Blair became Prime Minister.
2001 Tony Blair was re-elected Prime Minister on June 8.
2003 Blair , with George Bush, led a coalition of military forces in an
attack on Iraq in March.
2005 Tony Blair won his third term as Prime Minister .
2006 An alleged airplane bomb plot threw whole Britain in chaos .
2007 There was a clash between UK and Iran .Naval forces of Iran’s . Revolutionary Cruards captured 15 Britain sailors. Tony Blair stepped down from office on June 27. Gordon Brown became Britain Prime Minister.
关键名词及解释
1. London
London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial center of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world. 2. Robin Hood
Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and hid himself with his band of “merry men” in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor. 3. Anglo-Saxons
They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England. 4. King Arthur It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends. 5. King Harold
He was the Saxon King whose army was defeated in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when William the Conqueror invaded England from France. 6. The Bill of Rights of 1689
In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament, The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. 7. The Constitution
Britain has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions. 8. The functions of Parliament
The functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day. 9. The House of Lords
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. 10. The House of Commons
The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected represent the interests of the people who vote for them. 10. The importance of general elections
General elections are very important in western democracy. According to the author, they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.
11. The formation of the government
651 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK. The party which holds a majority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. 12. The electoral campaigns
Before a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public, The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and “party electoral broadcasts” on the television. The parties also try to attack and criticize the opponents’ policies, Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical. 13. Ethnic relations in the UK The coming of immigrants groups from other parts of the world has greatly enriched British culture. But ethnic relations are also sometimes tense: the local people view the newcomers as a threat to their way of living; and despite much official actions to minimize racism, both subtle and overt oppression remains. The immigrant population is not well-off economically. They face problems of unemployment, under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and by the justice system.
14. Comprehensive schools
Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.
15. Grammar schools
It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schools select children at the age 11, through an examination called “the 11-plus”. Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities. 16. Independent schools
Independent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich. 17. The Open University The Open University was founded in Britain in the1960’s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It’s open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centers. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.
18. “Football hooligans”
“Football hooligans” reflect the violence associated with football. While all social classes used to join in the local football match, it was regarded as being not at all suitable for gentlemen. Visitors from abroad sometimes complained about stumbling into the midst of a rough and dangerous game when walking the streets of London, while local householders and merchants were troubled
by having their windows broken by stray footballs. Drinking hard went along with playing hard. Today, violence is still associated with football. “Football hooligans” are supporters of rival teams. They sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up. 19. Cricket and “fair play”
Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organized rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally. The reason that fixed rules were applied to cricket so early on was a financial one: aristocrats loved betting on cricket matches and if people were going to rick money on a game, they wanted to ensure that the game would be played fairly. In Britain people from all walks of life play cricket, but in the 19th century, cricket was a sport played mainly by the upper classes. It was a kind of “snob” game played by boys who attended public schools. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies, cricket became associated with a set of moral values, in particular the idea of “fair play” which supposedly characterized British government. 20. Wimbledon
Wimbledon is the name of a London suburb. In Wimbledon the world’ best players gather to compete on grass courts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world. Besides actually watching the tennis matches, other activities closely associated with the “Wimbledon fortnight” are eating strawberries and cream, drinking champagne and hoping that it doesn’t rain. 21. The three traditions of Christmas in Britain There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while The main female character, often an ugly woman called “the Dame”, is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditio
nally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servants, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices. 22. Orange Marches
These events can be traced back to the 17th century battles between Catholics and Protestants. Now the Protestants celebrate their victory at the Battle of the Boyne (12 July) in 1690. The Catholic King James II was forced off the throne in 1688. William of Orange was invited to take the throne and James was driven into exile. The Twelfth of July is the high point of what is known as the Marching Season, when Protestant “Orangemen” take to the streets wearing their traditional uniforms and orange sashes, marching through the streets singing, banging drums and playing in marching bands. The Orangemen often clash—verbally, legally or sometimes violently—with the Catholics as they attempt to parade through Catholic neighborhoods. Therefore, during Orange Marches there is a massive police and army presence surrounding the parades and the atmosphere can be very tense. 23. Eisteddfod
Wales has a long poetic tradition. Poems written in the traditional Welsh language and style are governed by ancient codes and conventions. This poetic tradition has been celebrated for centuries.
英国历史重大事件年表
约公元前3000年,伊比利亚人进入不列颠,以长坟闻名
约公元前2000年,建立巨石阵;宽口陶器人出现,以钟形容器闻名 约公元前700年,三波凯尔特人进入不列颠:盖尔人、布立吞人、贝尔格人
公元前55年,Julius Caesar率罗马军团入侵不列颠,开启不列颠有文字记载的历史 公元43年Claudius 皇帝时期,罗马正式占领不列颠,不列颠的罗马时代持续400年 597年,教皇格里高利一世派St. Augustine到不列颠传教 9世纪,Egbert 成为第一位英格兰国王
1066年诺曼征服:忏悔者爱德华、哈罗德、征服者威廉;斯坦福桥、黑斯廷斯战役;封建制度完全建立。 1086年威廉一世“末日审判书”完成
1170年大主教贝克特被刺,亨利二世宗教改革失败 12、13世纪,牛津、剑桥大学建校
1215年约翰王被迫签订《大宪章》,限制王权
1265年的大议会标志着向现代议会的转变,签署《牛津协定》 1284年爱德华一世征服威尔士,创立“威尔士亲王”封号 1337-1453年爱德华三世发动英法百年战争,亨利五世取得大胜 1348年爆发黑死病,劳动力短缺、土地闲置、转耕为牧、农民可讨价还价 《劳工法令》Statute of Labours 禁止提高农民工资 1381年农民起义,理查二世欺骗起义军、谋杀瓦特·泰勒 14、15世纪,圣安德鲁大学、格拉斯哥大学、阿伯丁大学、爱丁堡大学在苏格兰建校
1455-1485玫瑰战争:爱德华四世胜利、爱德华五世失踪、理查三世被击杀、亨利七世建立都铎王朝
1529-1534年亨利八世进行宗教改革Reformation ,确立英王为独立的英格兰教会最高领袖,脱离罗马教皇 1558-1603伊丽莎白一世统治 1588年击败无敌舰队Armada
文艺复兴Renaissance (1350-1650)和英国文艺复兴(1485-) 1605年火药阴谋案,天主教谋杀詹姆士一世失败,处决盖伊·福克斯,英国人庆祝11月5日“盖伊福克斯之夜” 1628第三次召集的议会向查理一世提出Petition of Right民权请愿书
1642-1649英国内战(清教革命、英国资产阶级革命) 1649年查理一世被处决,进入
Commonwealth 共和国时期 1660年共和国瓦解,查理二世复辟Restoration 1688年光荣革命,威廉、玛丽共掌英国 1689年《权利法案》出台,君主立宪制确立
1707年《联合法案》规定英格兰、苏格兰合并,“大不列颠”产生;也规定苏格兰教会成为联合王国国教之一。
农业变革:18世纪晚期(传统农业制度可追溯至5世纪) 圈地法案 Enclosure Act 规定土地可以买卖,大量土地兼并,农场扩大、贫雇农失去土地转为劳动力
1780-1830工业革命 珍妮纺纱机、蒸汽机、新式炼钢法 1832年《改革法案》Reform Act废除腐败选区、合理分配选票等 1836-1848宪章运动,伦敦工人协会起草《人民宪章》,6点内容 1871《工会法案》承认公会合法
1756-1673英法七年战争、英国取得加拿大
1840年鸦片战争和1842年《南京条约》,割地赔款五口通商;英国与毛利人签订《外坦基条约》,标志着现代新西兰诞生 1858正式征服印度,维多利亚加冕印度女皇
1889-1902布尔战争,大英帝国达到顶峰,拥世界人口土地1/4 1875年买下苏伊士运河,开始殖民埃及
1856-1858年第二次鸦片战争,英法联军攻入北京,烧毁圆明园 1911《议会法案》确立下议院的最高权威
1914-1918第一次世界大战:英法俄VS 德国、奥匈、土耳其 1919年在Mrs. Pankhurst领导的Suffragttes 运动中,英国30岁以上妇女获得选举权
The Roaring Twenties怒吼的二十年代
1921年《英爱条约》成立爱尔兰自由邦,南北分裂。《苏格兰教会法》巩固苏格兰教会的国教地位。 三十年代大萧条Depression
都铎王朝:1485~1603(近代英国开始) 1485年:亨利七世即位
【15世纪中叶,30年的玫瑰战争导致都铎王朝建立,获胜方南方大地主和新贵族的代表亨利·都铎加冕为王,是为亨利七世。都铎王朝正值资本主义在英国初升时期,产生了两位有名君主:亨利八世,为子嗣和婚姻问题与罗马教庭宣布决裂,成立英国国教(即圣公会);伊丽莎白一世(1558~1603)确立了英国的海上霸权,正值文艺复兴时期,出现了莎士比亚。苏格兰国王詹姆斯四世被伊丽莎白指定为继承人,1603年,詹姆斯登上英格兰国王的宝座,成为詹姆斯一世,开始了斯图亚特王朝的统治,这为100年后(1707年)苏格兰与英格兰正式合并创立了条件。】 1558年:英国女王伊丽莎白一世即位,统治英国达45年之久 1564年:莎士比亚诞生
1588年:击败西班牙无敌舰队,树立海上霸权。【英国在1588年英西海战中的胜利,是一次以弱胜强的胜利,它再一次显示了在王权统治下的民族国家的力量。长期处在欧洲主流文明之外的岛国,第一次以强国的姿态向欧洲大陆发出了声音,并 迅速进入世界海洋霸权和商业霸权的争夺中心。】 斯图亚特王朝1603~1714
1603年:80岁的伊丽莎白一世去世了。苏格兰王詹姆士六世加冕成为英格兰的詹姆士一世,统一了英格兰和苏格兰
1620年:对新教徒的镇压激化,一批新教徒乘" 五月花号" 抵达美洲 1628年,《权力请愿书》 1640年,英国在全球第一个爆发资产阶级革命,成为资产阶级革命的先驱。 1642~1651年:英国内战爆发
1649年:查理一世(詹姆士一世的儿子)被处决(1.30),克伦威尔宣布共和政体(5.19) 1660
年:(查理二世)王朝复辟 【詹姆斯二世(查理二世儿子)继承王位,后被罢黜。】 1676年:格林尼治天文台设立
1679年,人身保护法 ;托利党成立(1833年改称现名) 1685年:牛顿发现万有引力定律 1687年,牛顿出版《自然哲学的数学原理》
1688~1689年:光荣革命,确定了君主立宪制。玛丽二世(詹姆斯二世女儿)执政。制定《权利法案》 1694年:英格兰银行成立 1698年:伦敦股票交易所成立 1701年:制定《王位继承法》 汉诺威王朝:1714~1917
1714年,王位传给查理一世的外甥家族、德国的汉诺威王室。接着是乔治
一世、二世、三世、四世执政。乔治三世在位期间,美国独立,英国击败拿破仑。 1721~1742年:罗伯特·华尔波尔成为英国第一任首相 1727年,牛顿去世
1760~1830年:工业革命 1775~1783年:美国独立战争 18世纪后半叶至19世纪上半叶,成为世界上第一个完成工业革命的国家。 19世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期 1814年:史蒂芬逊发明火车
1815年,英国威灵顿公爵在滑铁卢击败了拿破仑 1825年:火车运行、第一次经济危机发生 1837年:维多利亚女王即位【1837—1901年,维多利亚女王执政,英国的黄金时代,当时世界上最先进的工业国,在生产及贸易方面跃居世界首位,到处推行炮舰政策,夺取海上霸权,侵占殖民地,搜刮别国财富。大英帝国称霸世界,在海外统治的地域遍及欧、亚、非、美、澳各洲,号称“日不落帝国”。】 1840年:发动鸦片战争
1842年:与中国签订《南京条约》 1856年:发动第二次鸦片战争 1858年:与中国签订《天津条约》 1859年:达尔文发表《物种起源》 1860年:与中国签订《北京条约》
1900年,劳工代表委员会成立(1906年,改工党) 参与八国联军侵华 1911年,议会法 1914~1918年:第一次世界大战,开始衰败 温莎王朝1917~1928年:弗莱明发现青霉素 1931年颁布威斯敏斯特法案,被迫承认其自治领在内政、外交上独立自主,大英帝国殖民体系从此动摇。
1939~1945年:第二次世界大战,经济实力大为削弱,政治地位下降。 1947年印度和巴基斯坦的相继独立 1949年,议会法
20世纪60年代,英帝国殖民体系瓦解。 1973年1月加入欧共体。
1982年4月到6月间马尔维纳斯群岛战争 1991年1月17日~2月28日:海湾战争 1997年:中国收回香港。 1999年:南联盟战争