英语 格式
于华
第一部分 大纲要求
阅读理解共分两节。要求考生能:
1)掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节;
2)进行相关的判断和推理;
3)准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定含义;
4)领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。
其中B 节:主要测试考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。考生须完成700-900词的阅读量(2篇短文),并根据每篇文章(约400词)的内容,从文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
第二部分 阅读技巧
Section A 基本句式和从句:
文章的难度是由什么决定的?
难度主要取决于生词量、句子的长度,同时还与题材及文体有一定的关系。由此可见,最基本的应试技能是与词汇量的大小分不开的。词汇是前提,是达到准确理解的基本保障。但有了词汇量并不等于具备了阅读能力。按照从小到大的走向,我们可以将阅读分为三个层次:句子->段落->篇章。
1.基本句式:
2.从句
1.从句的划分:
从句分为定语从句,状语从句和名词从句三大类。
as ,than ,but 也可以用作关系代词:
☆ The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand.
☆ The telephone, as we know, was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell. ☆ I never heard such stories as he tells.
☆ Her attitude to him was quiet the same as it had always been.
☆ You spend more money than was intended to be spent.
☆ There are very few but admire his talent. (but = who don’t)
三、名词从句
名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句,其中有介词与形容词的宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
2. 从句的核心:
每一个句子的核心部分是主语和谓语,而每一个复合句的核心是主句。认识复合句首先要把握好句子间的主从关系, 而表现这些关系要依靠连接词that ,although ,so that ,before 等具有语法功能的词。 例1:
Although so that the pension or life insurance of one’s youth (青春时代,青少年时期) will have lost nearly half its purchasing power before one has reached the age of retirement.
1. by arresting, convicting (判决) and sentencing
those members of societies who violate the basic rules of group existence. (主句在前,重心在前)
2. In the 200 great families who rules England for many years everyone else. (主句在后,重心在后)
3. 主从句的述位:
1. Because it didn ’t rain this summer, the
soil dried out. (the following topic is soil.)
2. The soil dried out, because it didn’t rain
this summer. (the following topic is rain.)
1. The crops were destroyed by the heavy rain. (the following topic is rain.)
2. The heavy rain destroyed the crops. (the following topic is crops.)
Winning isn’t “the only thing.” Such an idea muddles the idea of competition, not simply in sports, but in all aspects of our lives. We ’ve learned the hard way in this century that the world is a complex place; it ’s certainly not the National Football League. Winning isn ’t the only thing in love, art, marriage, commerce, or politics; it’s not even the only thing in sports.
In sports, as in so many other areas of our national life, we’ve always cherished gallant losers.
4. 从句的语法功能
例4:
Section B 长句和难句的处理:
为了节省时间,对于长句和长段,要立体地读,亦即突出核心词,淡化非关键的词。要将名词、动词作为亮点,必要时关注形容词和副词,同时适当留意相关的代词和数词。通常冠词、介词等非实义词出现频率最高,但这类词的信息量很低,因此不必特别关注。还有一类词要格外小心,既带有否定意义的词,不论它是代词还是副词,一律要加以重视。比如without ,nobody ,seldom ,none 等等。
例5:
The only hope for progress in the abortion dialogue lies middle
the voices of average people who see something wrong with a young girl forced to bear the baby of a rapist.
1.难句分析
一.难句分析分为四大类:
第一类:复杂修饰成分。句子本不难,但是修饰成分多且长。
1、从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等等);
2、介词短语修饰;
3、分词修饰;
4、不定式修饰。
经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介
词短语,且都不止一个。
第二类:大段的插入与或同位语,
者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,造成理解的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。
打断读
第三类:倒装:由于应该放在句首的成分太长,因此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。
(1)、及物动词加介词:固定词组的固定搭配中,经常出现倒装情况,如:bring A to B ,写作:bring to B A
(2)、及物动词加副词
例:make possible …(单词或者句子)
第四类:省略:相对以上三种来讲比较简单,在短句中大家一般都可以看出。但是如果在长句中出现,特别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现,也会给同学们带来很大的困难。
省略的几种情况
(1)、重复的成分
(2)、让步转折的省略:如although (but)
(3)、定语从句引导词的省略which (that )
(4)、定语从句的引导词和系动词同时省略,变成后置定语
Section C 段落结构和常见关键词:
以下收集的是部分具有导向作用的关键词,请考生给予特别关注:
A. 指示重点:
The principal advantage / disadvantage / objection is…
The problem / task / hypothesis / points to… The results indicate / show / prove…
The crucial facts / effects / difficulties / outcomes…
Note that…
Don’t overlook…
Of importance is…
B. 表明作者态度:
my opinion is, I/we believe / think / suggest / support / agree / disagree / argue
fortunately, unfortunately, wisely, happily
C. 概括、总结:
let me summarize, to sum up, to conclude, on the whole, in short, in conclusion
1. 段落展开的手段 a. 举例、解释 b. 比较
c. 对比
d. 其它
因果: accordingly ,therefore ,thus consequently ,
时间: afterward ,earlier ,in the meantime,meanwhile ,shortly ,then
让步: after all,although ,though ,despite ,regardless ,even though,indeed
总结: in conclusion,on the whole 递进: moreover ,not only... but also 转折: however ,nevertheless ,but ,yet
2.怎样把握语篇结构?
从根本上讲,考生需要站在作者的位置看问题,这样才能更好地领会每篇短文的含义。能够把握写作要领的人,往往对文章的理解更加透彻。因此我们应该研究一下“文章是怎么写出来的”,探讨一下文章的层
次和结构。
好的文章都具有一个共同的特征,即形式上和内容上的连贯和紧凑。从篇章的意义讲,写作的基本原则是要使读者能够体会到文字和信息的上下呼应关系,而有效阅读的核心也是如何认识文字间和信息间的相互关系。为了更直观地了解语篇知识,下面将各类结构加以举例说明。
1) 序列关系
2) 因果关系
3) 时间关系
4) 主从关系
5)对照或对比关系
第三部分 应试技巧
一、解题步骤
第一步 迅速浏览一下文章
第二步 迅速浏览选项
第三步 通读全文并答题
二、基本应试技巧
1) 时间分配:
2) 注意解题顺序:
3) 灵活采用解题方法:
b. 找到突破口:
c. 定位线索词:
d. 运用排除法:
4) 复查:
三. 学会正确的阅读方法
1. 不良阅读习惯: “指读”, “回读”和读”。
2. 正确的阅读方法, 即以“意“译” 群
(meaningful thought group )为单位阅读, 例如:
Successful improvement of your reading depends upon your eagerness to improve and your willingness to practice.
Successful improvement \ of your reading \ depends upon \ your eagerness \ to improve \ and your willingness to practice.
Successful improvement of your reading \ depends upon \ your eagerness to improve \ and your willingness to practice.
3. 3种阅读方法:skimming, scanning ,
reading for full understanding。
4.语篇水平上的阅读理解