英语现在完成时

现在完成时（一）——含义和标志性词语

现在完成时的意义： 现在完成时表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。（过去时强调过去某个特定的时间发生的动作或存在的状态；现在完成时表示过去不确定的时间里发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，这个动作也许到现在结束，也许还要继续下去。）

如： Have you read that story？你读过那个故事吗？（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是：是否知道故事的内容）

现在完成时的标志性词：

时间状语：before，lately，recently, till now，so far， in the past few years/months/weeks/days，over the past few years，during the last three months，for the last few centuries For + 时间段 、since + 时间点（短语/从句） 常与现在完成时连用的几个重要副词：already，just，yet，ever，never等。 already 多用于肯定句中中或末尾，

just 用在肯定句中，

ever 多用于疑问句中

yet 用在否定句和一般疑问句末。

Never 用在肯定句中表否定。如：

I hav e already finished my homework．我已经做完家庭作业了。

He has just had his meal．他刚吃过饭。

Have you ever sung this English song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？

They haven't started yet．他们还没有动身。

We have never heard of it．我们从来没有听说过这件事。

动词形式：过去分词的变化规则形式和发音规则与过去式是一样的，除了一些不规则变化。 现在完成时（二）——结构

1．现在完成时的基本句式是“have（has）＋过去分词”。如：

①I have seen that film．我已经看过那部影片了。

②We have just finished our homework．我们刚刚做完家庭作业。

③ She has gone home．她回家去了。

注意：1）该句式中的have或has是助动词，has用于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用have。

2）该句式中have（has）和过去分词之间可用just插入。

3）把该句式译成汉语时，往往用“已经”、“刚刚”、“过”或“了”等。

2．现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词have或has提到主语之前。如： ④Have you read this story book yet？你读过这本故事书吗？

⑤Has he eaten that apple yet？他吃那个苹果了吗？

注意：1）现在完成时的一般疑问句往往在句末加yet。

2）把现在完成时的一般疑问句译成汉语时，往往译成“„„过吗？”、“还有„„吗？”。

3）其肯定回答用：Yes，．．．have（has）．否定回答用：No，．．．haven't（hasn't）．

有时用：No，not yet．或No，never．

3．现在完成时的否定句式是“have（has）＋not + 过去分词”。如：

⑥We haven't studied Unit 2 yet．我们还没学习第二单元。

⑦The train hasn't stopped yet．火车还没有停下来。

注意区别：

Has/have been to Has/have been in Has/have gone to

Have been in 表示“去了某地并正在某地”have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never, several times等连用，后者则不能。 如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。

He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。

He has been in Beijing for two weeks. (has been in 后接for/since时间状语)

现在完成时（三）——与过去时的区别&短暂性动词的转换

1．现在完成时态既涉及过去，又联系现在，它可表示动作或状态过去已经开始一直延续到现在，和由for或since引导的时间状语连用。例如：

We have lived here for five years．我们在这里住了五年了。

I have known him since he was a boy．我从他还是个孩子的时候就认识他了。 注意：现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调过去发生的事对现在造成的影响；一般过去时指过去发生的事实。请看下面对话中一般过去时和现在完成时的不同。

A：Have you seen the film？ B：Yes，I have．

A：When did you see it？ B：I saw it a year ago．

2．延续性动词与非延续性动词在现在完成时中的使用。

（1）延续性动词：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep等，这些动词可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如： Uncle Wang has worked in this factory for ten years．王伯伯在这家工厂工作十年了。

（2）非延续性动词：come，go，arrive， reach，see，hear，close，leave，begin，start， buy，fall，join，die等，这些动词可用于完成时态，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：

【正】The play has begun．戏开演了。（戏正在演着）

【误】The play has begun for half an hour。戏开演半小时了。

【正】The play has been on for half an hour。 戏上演半个小时了。

3非延续性动词的转换

常见的非延续性动词与延续性动词转换如下：come→be，come to→be in ／at，arrive—be here, go out→be out，leave→be away，finish—be over, begin ／ start→be on，buy→have，borrow→keep， join→be in /be a member of ／be a．．．member， die→be dead，put on→wear/be in，catch a cold→ have a cold，get to know→know，become a teacher→be a teacher，fall asleep/ill→be asleep/ill，go to bed→sleep, open—be open等。

如：They came here five years ago．他们是五年前来这里的。

They have been here for five years ago/since five years ago.

★注意：用“It is（has been）＋时间段＋since从句（从句的谓语动词用非延续性动词的过去式）”这一句型。例如：

It is five years since they came here．

It has been five years since they came here. 自从他们来到这里已经有五年了。 They have been here for five years. /They have been here since five years ago.

单项选择

1．I_______ a letter from him since he left．（天津市）

A．didn't receive B．haven't got C．didn't have D．haven't heard

2．—Where have you __ these days？—I have to Dazhu with my friends．（重庆市）

A．been；gone B．been；been C．gone；been D．gone；gone

3．How long have you _______ this book？（哈尔滨市）

A．bought B．borrowed C．had D．lent

4．—Where's Peter？ —He _______ to Nanjing．（沈阳市）

A．is going B．has been C．has gone D．went

5．You've never seen such a wonderful film before，_______ ？（河北省）

A．haven't you B．have you C．do you D．don't you

6．We have lived here _______ five years ago．（河南省）

A．when B．since C．before D．after

7．—I have watched the game． —When______ you _______ it？（长沙市）

A．have；watched B．do；watch C．did；watch

8．--How do you like Beijing，Mr Black？—Oh，I __ such a beautiful city．（江西省）

A．don't visit B．didn't visit C．haven't visited D．hadn't visited

9．The old people __ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week．（广州）

A．don't feel B．hasn't felt C．haven't felt D．didn't feel

10．My grandfather_______ in the small town all his life．He always says he likes the town．（四川省）

A．lived B．have lived C．has lived D．is living

11．Miss Brown _______ to the Great Wall twice．（贵阳市）

A．have been B．has been C．have gone D．has gone

12．His brother has been to Stone Forest twice ____ he came to Yunnan．（昆明市）

A．after B．before C．since D．for

13．His grandpa _______ for two years．（广西）

A．was died B．has been dead C．was dead D．has died

14．—Have you ever_______ to Haikou？ —Yes，I_______ there with my family last August．（海南省）

A．gone；went B．been；went C．been；went to D．been；was in

15．His sister ____ her hometown for three years．She'll return next year．（合肥市）

A．left B．has left C．has been away D．has been away from

[Exercises7]用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。

1 Where is Jack? He __________ his country.

2 John _______ England since he came back.

3 How long _____ have _____ this village?

4 The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.

5 _____ you ever ____ America? -- Yes, I _____ there many times.

6. I _____ this school since three years ago.

选择

( )1.Jim's been to the Great wall before ,__________he?

(A)isn't (B)wasn't (C)hasn't (D)doesn't

( )2.She's never been to England, _______she?

(A)has (B)hasn't (C)isn't (D)is

( )2.___________has Hanmei been in the library.

(A)How long (B)How soon (C)How far (D)How often

( )3.How long ___he______ the library book .

(A)has, borrow (B)has ,kept (C)has, bought (D)did, buy

( )4.Mr Green isn't in the office , He __________to the library

(A)has gone (B)went (C)has been (D)will go

( )5.Mr smith _______to Tokyo and he will be back in a week

(A)has been (B)has visited (C)has sent (D)has gone

( )6.They_________China for two years

(A)have been to (B)have been in (C)have gone to (D)have come to

[Exercises10]A）按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词

①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.

→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there

He got to Beijing five minutes ago.

He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________. I moved to the USA last year.

I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ _________. I went home yesterday.

I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.

They came here last week.

They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.

②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out

He came out two years ago.

He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.

We return to Fuzhou yesterday.

We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.

③become → be

I became a teacher in 2000.

I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.

The river became dirty last year.

The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.

④close → be closed open → be open

The shop closed two hours ago.

The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. The door opened at six in the morning.

The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.

⑤get up → be up die → be dead leave sw. → be away from sw. fall asleep/get tot sleep → be asleep

finish/end → be over marry → be married

I got up two hours ago.

I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.

He left Fuzhou just now.

He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.

My grandpa died in 2002.

My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.

The meeting finished at six.

The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.

I got to sleep two hours ago.

I ________ _________ _________ since _________ __________.

They married in 1990.

They ________ _________ __________since _________.

⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth. begin → be on

I began to teach at this school in 1995.

I ____ ____ at this school since ____.

The film began two minutes ago.

The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.

⑦borrow → keep lose → not have buy → have put on →wear catch/get a cold → have a cold get to know → know

They borrowed it last week.

They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.

I bought a pen two hours ago.

I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.

I got to know him last year.

I _________ __________ him since __________ __________.

I put on my glasses three years ago.

I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________.

⑧have/has gone to → have been in

He has gone to Beijing.

He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.

⑨join the league/the Party/the army

→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier

→ be a member of the league/the Party

→ be in the league/the Party/the army

He joined the league in 2002.

He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.

He ________ _______ a ________ ___________ the __________ for two years. He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years. My brother joined the army two years ago.

My brother __________ __________ a ___________ for ________ _________. My brother ___________ _________ in __________ ___________ for two years.

C）选择填空

( )2.Her father ____in1990 and her husband ____for more than five years

(A)died ,dead (B)has died, dead

(C)died ,has been dead (D)has died, has died

( )3.I have _____this nice watch for two years

(A)had (B)bought (C)borrowed (D)lend

( )4.He _____his home for ten years

(A)has left (B)left from

(C)has been away from (D)was away from

( )5.He _____a league member for three years

(A)is (B)has been (C)has become (D)have become

( )6.Lihua's brother has _______for two years

(A)joined the army (B)been an army

(C)become a soldier (D)been in the arm

( )1.——Have you ________traveled on the train.

——Yes, I have.

(A)never (B)ever (C)just (D)yet

( )2.——Have you finished your homework

——Not__________ .

(A)ever (B)already (C)yet (D)just

( )3. We haven't finished our homework __________.

(A)already (B)ever (C)yet (D)never

( )4.——Have you__________ learned English?

——Yes, I've ________learned a lot.

(A)never, ever (B)ever, never (C)ever, already (D)already. ever

( )5.——Have you finished your homework ________?

——Yes, I've _____done that

(A)yet, already (B)already, yet (C)ever, never (D)still, just

( )6.John's father _______borrowed some pictures

(A)have already (B)has just (C)have ever (D)has yet

[Exercises4] 用since和for填空

1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.

2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.

3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.

4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.

5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.

单选：

1. ----- Where is Mr. Liu?

----- He _______the library.

A. has been to B. has gone to C. has been in

2. The students have cleaned the classroom , ________?

A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they

3. I like Hainan. I ________there three times.

A. went B. go C. have been D. have gone

4.We came to Nanjing three years ago, so we ________ here for three years.

A. have been to B. have been in C. have been D. have gone

5. ----- How long ______you_______ your dictionary?

----- About two months.

A. did; buy B. have; get C. have; had D. have; bought

6. He tells me he________ China for over five years.

A. has been B. has been in C. has been to D. has gone to

7.____has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he ____ to China?

A. How soon , comes B. How often, got

C. How long , came D. How far, arrived

8. His uncle________ for more than 9 years.

A. has come here B. has started to work

C. has lived there D. has left the university

9. He has never surfed, __________(改成反意疑问句）?

(对划线部分提问)

__________ have they been here?

11. The old man _________last year. He________ for a year.(die)

12. This factory opened twenty years ago.(改写句子，句意不变)

This factory _________ for twenty years.

13.The Green Family moved to France two years ago. （同上）

_________ two years________ the Green family moved to France.

14. The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. （同上）