初中英语语法--现在完成时与过去完成时

现在完成时与过去完成时

一、现在完成时

过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

1.构成

现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。

2.用法

（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如： -Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. I've just had it. 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）

（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。

如：He has taught here since 1981. 他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）

I haven't seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。

（3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。

3．结构

1）． 陈述句结构：主语＋have( has)（not）+过去分词＋其它。 have not=haven’t has not=hasn’t.

2）． 一般疑问句结构：Have( Has )＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？

3）． 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词＋have(has) +主语+ 过去分词＋其它？

eg. He has already finished his homework.

He hasn’t finished his homework yet.

Has he finished his homework yet?

--Yes, he has./ No, he hasn’t./ No, not yet.

4.现在完成时的时间状语

（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。 a. 用副词already和yet。 already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。 如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。

They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。

b.用ever 和never。 多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。

如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？

I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。

c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。

如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。 He has been there three times the past few years.近几年他去过那里三次了。

d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning (month ,year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.今天你见过他吗？我 没有。How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次？

（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years. 但是，像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：

arrive→be here begin(start)→be on

die →be dead come back→be back

leave →be away fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)

get up→be up go out →be out

finish →be over put on →wear 或be on

open →be open join →be in或 be a member of…

close →be closed go to school→be a student

borrow →keep buy →have

catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know

begin to study→study come to work→work等

如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。

His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。

The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。

We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

典型例题

1、 ---Do you know our town at all?

---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming

2、 ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come

3、You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.

A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet

4、---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.

A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be

二、过去完成时

1、定义

①表示发生在过去的动作对过去晚些时候造成的影响或结果

②过去某一动作一直持续到过去晚些时候将来可能还要延续。

句中的动作发生在过去之前（过去的过去），即过去完成时动作发生在过去的过去。

He said he had been to Beijing twice. 他说他已经去过北京两次。（因为“说”said就是过去式，而去北京的动作发生在说said 的过去，所以用过完而不用现完。

过去完成时常用的时间状语有

（1）、by the end of last year. By the end of last term, we had learned 5000 new words.

（2）、By the time sb. +动词过去式 The bus had already left by the time I got there.

2、基本结构

主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)

①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词.

②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词.

③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词? 肯定回答：Yes,主语+had. 否定回答：No,主语+had not . ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词）？

3、基本用法

（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

例如：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。

例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came./He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。

例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine./ I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.

（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed./ She found the key that she had lost.

（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

例如：He said that he had known her well./ I thought I had sent the letter a week before.

（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的。

例如：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining./ She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work. 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

例如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。

例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time./ We had hoped to be able to come and see you .

（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that) … 等固定句型中。

例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him./ No sooner had he arrived then he went away again./ It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.

4、过去完成时-语法判定

A、由时间状语来判定。 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

B、由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：

C、根据上、下文来判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

单项选择。

1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）

Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know

2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?

Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still

3、Have you met Mr Li ______？

Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago

4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written

5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

Ａ. has changed well Ｂ. changed good Ｃ. has changed better Ｄ. changed better

6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

Ａ. was studying Ｂ. will study Ｃ. has studied Ｄ. are studying

7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew

8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .

Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see

9、—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really ? When _____ there ?

Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone

10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ? —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

Ａ. Did do finished Ｂ. Have done finished

Ｃ. Have done have finished Ｄ. will do finish

11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in

12、—Do you know him well ?

— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made

13、—How long have you ____ here ? —About two months .

Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived

14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun

Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began

15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .

Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was

16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .

Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been

17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .

Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been

18、 A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they

19、A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived

20、A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university

二、句型转换。

1、（改成反意疑问句）

2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问3、（动词填空）

4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) 5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)

6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）

Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .

7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)

_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.

8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)

___________________________________________

1. 单项选择

1．He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.

A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone

2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?

A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done

3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。

A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt

4. She ______lived here for ______ years.

A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of

5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.

A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked

6. She said she __________ the principle already

A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen

7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.

A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with

8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.

A. has completed university B. has completed the university

B. had completed an university D. had completed university

9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.

A. for B. in C. by D. at

10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.

A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano.

11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?

A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done

12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.

A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work

13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.

A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed

14. Ben hates playing _____ violin, but he likes playing ____ football.

A. a…the B. the… the C. / …the D. the…/

15. By the time he was 4, he ______ a lot of German words.

A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns

16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.

A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left

17.They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000.

A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living

18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.

A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived

19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.

A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned

20. Fergie_______ the project in one hour.

A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished

21. The man ________ his coat and went out.

A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on 22 My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.

A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works

23. Dad ________ while he _______ TV.

A .fell asleep…watch B. was falling asleep…watched

C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallen asleep…watched