谈济南市大气污染的成因及防治

谈济南市大气污染的成因及防治

济南市的空气质量自去年1月28日向社会公布以来，已成为广大市民十分关注的热点难点和焦点问题。就济南的大气污染成因和防治措施，提出初步的看法和意见，以供探讨。

一、济南市的环境空气质量状况

几年来，济南市的城市建设和经济建设有了较大的发展。济南作为一个北方内陆城市，空气质量具有北方城市的普遍特点，呈现典型的煤烟型污

染。尽管近年来不断加大环保执法力度，强化环境综合整治，环境质量有了明显改善，但空气质量仍不尽人意。同全国其他城市相比，济南空气质量处于中下水平，大气污染的程度是比较严重的。在1998年46个发布空气质量周报的城市中，济南的空气质量一半以上的时间在倒数10名内，最差的一次为倒数第二位，最好的名次为正数第25位。

二、济南市大气污染的成因

济南市大气污染的形成原因是复杂的，既有自然原因，又有人为原因，既有历史遗留的原因，又有近年来发展不协调的原因。

1. 能源结构以煤炭为主，煤炭占总能源的70%以上

2. 大气污染的首要污染物是总悬浮颗粒物，即尘类污染

尘的来源除了燃煤烟尘外，工业粉尘和因建筑、垃圾、风沙、及车辆行驶的扬尘均不可忽视。

3. 长期形成的城市工业布局不合理加重了济南市区的大气污染

济南市常年的主导风向是东北一西南风。王舍人工业区、党家工业区和几个主要的污染企业都处于主导风向上，在主导风的作用下，加重了市区的大气污染.

4. 地形条件对空气质量十分不利

众所周知，济南四面环山，北倚地上河黄河，地形呈浅碟状，不利于大气污染物的水平输送和扩散，使污染物容易在市区积聚，从而加重污染。

5．冬季特殊的气象条件大大加重了大气污染

在污染源相对稳定的情况下，气象条件对空气质量的好坏有至关重要的影响。

6．机动车保有量的迅速增加，使机动车尾气污染占整个大气污染的负荷越来越大. 由于汽车排放的污染物正处于人的呼吸带，往往形成较稳定的近地面污染层，对人体危害很大。

7．地面绿化和硬化不够，扬尘污染较重

尽管济南市近两年实施造绿工程，建成了市区五大广场，但同其他城市相比市区绿化率和人均绿地指标仍比较低，而且草多树少，种类配置欠合理。另外，由于施工等原因而造成的裸露地面不能及时覆盖或硬化，在风和车辆行驶的作用下形成较重的尘污染。

三、济南市大气污染的防治措施

济南市的大气污染问题已经引起省市领导的高度重视和全社会的关注，按照省委“五年大变样”和近期市政府创建文明城市抓“容貌工程”的要求，针对污染形成的原因即将采取种种措施进行综合污染防治。对于自然形成的不利的地形和气象因素我们现今还无法改变和干预，也不应怨天尤人，而应面对现实对人为的污染源——采取有效措施从根本上加以防治。

1. 依法大力加强对各类排烟设施的监督管理。

2．提高燃煤质量，改变能源结构，从源头控制大气污染

（1） 推广使用低硫、低灰分煤炭。

（2） 改变低空排烟设施的燃料结构。

3．如快调整产业结构和工业布局，努力减轻结构性污染

（1）逐步将污染严重，治理困难的企业迁出市区。

（2）关停和取缔小水泥厂、小石灰窑和小石子粉碎点。

4. 加强老污染源的治理并严把新上项目

（1）加快黄台发电厂烟气脱硫步伐。

（2）对1-130吨／时的锅炉进行烟气脱硫除尘。

（3）对1-130吨／时烟尘超标排放的720多台锅（窑）炉进行限期治理。

5. 实施城市环境综合整治，增强城市污染防治能力

环境保护工作绝不是依靠环保部门一家就能搞好的，它涉及到方方面面，需要各个部门

的相互协作和全社会的支持。

（1） 大力发展城市集中供热、供气。

（2） 加强城市绿化和大环境绿化工作

（3） 加强建筑工地的管理。

（4） 引逐步改变道路保洁方式。

（5） 取缔露天烧烤。

6．加强汽车尾气的污染防治为了控制机动车排气污染，济南市已禁止销售、使用含铅汽油，立法工作正在紧锣密鼓的进行。

（1）对我市机动车制造厂生产的车辆加强监督管理，达不到徘放标准的，不允许出厂。

（2）市区内新增车辆提倡购买使用电喷技术的车辆；新车挂牌，经监测尾气排放不达标的，不发牌照；年检和抽检尾气排放不合格的机动车，经维护、保养仍不能达标排放的，吊销牌照，不准继续上路行驶。

（3）严格出租车管理，加快出租车更新换代。2000年底前所有“面的”更换完毕，新更换的车辆必须具备双燃料功能。

（4）限制柴油车的发展。除特殊行业需要外，对柴油机动车不再办理挂牌业务；对超标排放尾气的柴油公交车，按照“一换、二改、三停”的原则进行淘汰。

（5）限制轻骑摩托车的发展，从今年元月1日起不再办理轻骑摩托车挂牌业务。

（6）严格按照国家有关规定执行车辆报废制度。对达到报废条件的车辆，应坚决报废、淘汰。尽快制订轻骑摩托车报废办法，对达到报废条件的进行淘汰，逐年减少轻骑摩托车的数量。

（7）推广使用双燃料汽车。对运营车辆（公交车、出租车）进行双燃料改造，今年改造200辆，明年改造500辆，2001年进行大面积的推广。

（8）加强农用车和外地进济车的管理。从2001年起，农用车和经监测尾气超标的外地车辆一律不准进入济南市区。

7．加强环境宣传教育，大力提高领导干部和广大市民的环境意识

要通过各种渠道强化可持续发展战略的宣传，提高各级干部和广大市民的环保意识，形成浓厚的“环境保护，人人有责”的舆论氛围，使那些违反环保法的行为无立身之地。让我们携起手来，既要发展经济，又要保护好济南的环境，为广大市民创造一个美好的空气清新的生活环境。

通过各个方面的了解，我们可以看到虽然政府采取了相应的措施，但济南的天气污染总体上比较严重，因此对于广大群众当然也包括我们来说是任重而道远，所以从现在起，我们要树立保护环境的决心，并且要付诸于行动，从点点滴滴做起，只有这样我们才能慢慢改变这种现状，让环境变得越来越好，我们也就生活的越来越快乐。

通过我们小组的共同努力，基本上达到了预期的目标，也让我们学到了团队协作的重要性。在这个时代，无论你多么优秀，你终究是一个人，但是只要是一个团队能够齐心协力，无论多么艰巨的任务，终会被解决的，这就是团队的力量。 这也是现代社会所需要的，这就是我们从这次活动中所学到的。

About Jinan causes and prevention and control of atmospheric pollution

Jinan air quality since last January 28 publish to the society, has become the general public is very difficult and focus issues of concern. Jinan cause and the prevention and control measures of atmospheric pollution and puts forward preliminary views and opinions, to discuss. First, the situation of air environmental quality of Jinan city

Over the past few years, Jinan urban construction and economic construction has a larger development. As an inland city in the north, Jinan has the common features of the northern city air quality, and presents the typical MeiYanXing fouling Dye. Although in recent years, growing environmental law enforcement, strengthen the comprehensive improvement of the environment, the environmental quality has improved significantly, but the air quality is still unsatisfactory. Compared with other cities in China, Jinan air quality at a lower level, the degree of air pollution is more serious. Released in 1998, 46 city air quality weekly report, the air quality in Jinan more than half of the time within the last 10, the worst of times for the second place, the best place is positive to 25th.

Second, the Jinan the cause of air pollution

Jinan atmospheric pollution is the cause of formation of complex, both natural causes, and others, for reasons, both the historical reasons, and in recent years development not harmonious.

1. The energy structure is given priority to with coal, coal accounted for over 70% of the total energy

2. The primary pollutant is total suspended particulate matter air pollution, dust pollution

Dust sources in addition to coal dust, industrial dust and due to the buildings, garbage, dust, and vehicle traffic dust can not be ignored.

3. The long form of Jinan city industrial layout is not reasonable to increase the urban air pollution

Jinan perennial dominant wind direction is a southwest northeast. Scheeren wang industrial zone, party industrial zone and several major polluting enterprises are dominant wind direction, the dominant under the action of wind, increased urban air pollution.

4. The terrain conditions on the air quality is very bad

As is known to all, Jinan and surrounded, north relies on the river, the Yellow River on the ground, terrain saucer shaped, detrimental to the level of the atmospheric pollutants transport and diffusion, the pollutants easy to accumulate in city, thus increasing pollution.

5. Special winter weather conditions add greatly to air pollution Under the condition of the pollution sources are relatively stable, the stand or fall of weather conditions on the air quality has a crucial impact.

6. Motor vehicle ownership increased rapidly, the motor vehicle exhaust pollution load of the atmospheric pollution is more and more big. Due to vehicle emission pollutants are in the human breathing zone, tend to form a stable layer near the ground pollution, does great harm to human body.

7. The ground greening and hardening is not enough, the heavier dust pollution

Although Jinan two years implementation to build green projects, completed five square downtown, but compared with other cities urban afforestation and green space per capita indicators are still relatively low, more trees and grass, less species configuration unadvisable. In addition, due to reasons such as construction of bare ground hardening or not covered in time, in the wind and vehicle traffic under the influence of forming the heavier dust pollution.

Third, Jinan atmospheric pollution prevention and control measures Jinan atmospheric pollution problems has caused provinces leadership attaches great importance to and the attention of the whole society, according to the provincial party committee \"five-year makeover\" and the city government to create civilized city catch \"face project\" requirement, for the reason of the pollution would be taken for integrated pollution prevention and control measures. For natural unfavorable terrain and meteorological factors we couldn't change now and

intervention, also should not complain, but should face the reality of man-made pollution sources, take effective measures to fundamentally to the prevention and control.

1. In accordance with the law, strengthen the supervision of all kinds of smoke exhaust facilities management.

2. Improve the quality of coal, change the energy structure, the control of air pollution from the source

(1) Promote the use of low sulfur, low ash coal.

(2) Change the low fuel exhaust facility structure.

3. Such as fast adjusting industrial structure and industrial layout, efforts to reduce structural pollution .Step by step

(1) The pollution is serious, difficult companies out of urban areas.

(2) Shut down and clamp down on small cement plant, small lime kiln and gravel crushing point.

4. Strengthen the management of old pollution sources and strictly control new projects

(1) To speed up the pace of yellow machine power plant flue gas desulfurization.

(2) For 1-130 tons/boiler flue gas desulfurization dust removal.

(3) For 1-130 tons/excess emissions of soot when more than 720 pan (furnace) within the furnace.

5. Implementation of the comprehensive improvement of the urban environment, enhance urban pollution prevention ability

Environmental protection is not rely on a can do a good job in

environmental protection department, it involves many aspects, need to each department .Mutual cooperation and support of the whole society.

(1) To develop the urban central heating, gas supply.

(2) To strengthen urban greening and landscape greening

(3) To strengthen the management of the construction site.

(4) Gradually change the way of road cleaning.

(5) To ban outdoor barbecue.

6. Strengthen automobile exhaust pollution control to control the motor vehicle exhaust pollution, Jinan has banned the sale and use of leaded gasoline, the legislation work is underway.

(1) Strengthen supervision and management of city motor vehicle

manufacturers production vehicle, are not up to standard is put outside, not allowed to leave factory.

(2) Vehicle in new urban recommend buying vehicles using ems; New car listing, by monitoring emissions substandard, not licensing; Annual inspection and check the motor vehicle exhaust emission is unqualified, the preventive maintenance, still can't satisfy the, revocation of licenses, not allowed to continue on the road.

(3) Strict taxi management, speed up the upgrading taxi. All \"the\" completed at the end of 2000, the new replacement vehicle must have the function of the fuel.

(4) Limit the development of diesel. In addition to the special industry needs, to diesel motor vehicle no longer deal with trading business; Of excess emissions exhaust of diesel buses, according to the change \"one, two, three stop\" the principle of weeding.

(5) The light motorcycle development, starting from January 1 this year to deal with the light no longer motorcycle trading business.

(6) In strict accordance with the relevant regulations of the state system of scrapped vehicles. To achieve scrap condition of vehicles, should be resolutely discarded, eliminated. Devising the light motorcycles scrap as soon as possible, to achieve scrap condition to eliminate, reduce the number of the light motorcycles. Year by year

(7) Promote the use of dual fuel automobile. Of operating vehicles (bus, taxi) dual fuel innovation, reform 200 vehicles this year, next year, 500, 2001 acres of promotion.

(8) To strengthen the management of agriculture and into the economy from vehicle. Since 2001, the agriculture and the monitoring tail gas exceeds bid is allowed before the non-local vehicles in Jinan city.

7. To strengthen environmental propaganda education, improve the leading cadres and the general public's environmental awareness

To strengthen the strategy of sustainable development through various channels of publicity, improve the cadres at various levels and the general public's environmental consciousness, forming strong public opinion \"protection of the environment, everyone duty\" atmosphere, make the violation of environmental laws without foundation. Let us join hands and to economic development, and to protect the environment of Jinan, for the general public to create a good air and pure and fresh surroundings. Through all aspects of understanding, we can see that although the government has taken corresponding measures, but jinan weather pollution in general is more serious, so for the masses, it is a long way to go, of course, also including us, so from now on, we want to set up the determination to protect the environment, and to action, start from the little drops, only in this way can we change this situation, slowly let the environment become more and more good, we will live more happy.

Through the joint efforts of our group, basically reached the expected target, also let us learn the importance of teamwork. In this day and age, no matter how good you are, you may be one person, but as long as it is a team to work together, no matter how difficult task, will eventually be solved, this is the power of the team.