采购与供应链管理
05
40%~60%
(Buying) (Purchase)
(Procurement) Procourement
(Raw Material) (Parts) (Components) (Work-in-process, WIP) (Finished goods)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5-2
05
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5R
(Right Vendor) (Right Time) (Right Price) (Right Quanity) (Right Quality) 5R
1. (Right Vendor)
2. (Right Quanity)
3. (Right Quanity)
5-3
4. (Right Time)
;
5. (Right Price)
(1999) 5-1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. ( )
6.
7.
8. ( )
9.
10.
11.
5-4
05
5-1
(1999)
5-5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Spekman(1981) 5-2
5-2
(1998)
Leenders et al. (1989)
1.
5-6
052.
3.
4.
5.
5-3
5-3
Leenders et al.(1989)
5-4
5-4
5-7
Loh & Venkatraman (1992) 5-5
5-5
Loh & Venkatraman (1992)
Welch & Nayak (1992) (Strategic Sourcing Model) 5-6
5-8 5-6 Welch & Nayak (1992), Development policy and economic theory,Oxford Unuversity Press, New York.
05
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3. (MRO)
4.
5.
6.
7.
5-7
5-9
5-7
(2002)
1.
2. (Availability)
( )
5-10
051.
2. (Availability)
( ) (Availability)
(Availability)
1.
2. (Postponement)
1.
2.
1.
2.
5-11
(Cooperative) (consolidated or group purchasing)
( )
2003
(Centralized Purchasing)
(Centralized Purchasing)
(Purchasing System)
(Purchasing Strategy)
Interagencies or pam agencies (Grouping) (Centralization)
5-12
05
1.
2.
5-8
5-8
5-13
1.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(ABC)
( )
Raffish(1991) 45% 50% 5% 15% 30% 50%
(Activity-Based Costng, ABC)
5-14
05Turney (1991) ( 5-9 ) ( 5-10 )
Turney(1991) 5-10 ( 5-10 ) ( 5-10 )
5-9
Turney (1991)
5-10
Turney (1991)
5-15
( )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ABC ABC
7. ABC ABC
8.
Ansaria & Heckel (1987)
5-16
051.
2.
3.
4.
APICS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5-17
1. (Pipeline Inventory)
2. (Seasonal Inventory)
3. (Cycle Inventory)
4. (Decoupling Inventory)
5. (Safety Inventory)
6. (Transportation Inventory) (Extra-work)
1.
2.
5-11
5-11 /
5-18
053.
(Economic Order Quantity)
1.
2.
(Economic Order Quantity, EOQ)
EOQ =QDQHDS×H+×S=+ (EOQ) Harris (1962) EOQ EOQ EOQ
EOQ=D S H
5-12 EOQ
5-19
A 20000 400 2000 5% A (EOQ)
D = 20000 S = 4000 H = 5% 2000/ 4 / = 400
EOQ===200 7200 36 100 280 (EOQ)
D = 7200 S = 100 H = 36
EOQ===200 4900 5 / 10 /
D = 4900 S = 5 H = 10
EOQ===70 EOQ EOQ
5-20
05 ABC
ABC (A ) (B ) (C )
ABC (ABC Analysis) 5-13 A 5%~10% 75%~80% B 20%~25% 15%~20% C 70%~75% 5%~10%
5-13 ABC
1. A 0.2%
2. B 1%
3. C 5%
(Just In Time, JIT)
(Just-in-time, JIT) JIT (Toyota Production System, TPS) JIT JIT
5-21
JIT
JIT JIT
1. JIT
JIT Lean Production JIT
2. JIT
JIT
3. JIT
JIT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
JIT JIT (Vendor Managed Inventory, VMI)
Wal-Mart (1986) (Vendor Managed Inventory, VMI) VMI VMI
5-22
05 VMI
VMI VMI
1.
2. VMI
( ) VMI ( )
5-14 VMI
(1998)
VMI (EDI)
1.
2.
3.
5-23
VMI VMI VMI 5-1
5-1 VMI
(1998)
VMI
1. (Vender-managed Replenishment, VMR) VMI
2. (Retailer-managed Inventory, RMI)
3. (Co-managed Inventory, CMI)
4. (Supplier-managed Inventory, SMI) SMI
VMI SMI VMI
5-24
05
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
( ) (Periodic Physical Inventory)
(Periodic Physical Inventory) ( ) (Continuous Physical Inventory)
(Continuous Physical Inventory)
5-25
( ) (Combination Pyhsical Inventory)
(Combination Pyhsical Inventory)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5-26
051. 5R
2.
3.
4. ABC
5. (JIT) (VMI)
6.
5-27