初中英语定语从句语法教案
定语从句
定义:定语从句在句子中起到修饰限定的定语作用,放在它所修饰的名(代)词后。这种名(代)词叫先行词。
位置:一般位于先行词之后,由关系代词,关系副词引导。
一.关系代词引导的定语从句:who ,whom ,that ,which ,whose ,as
二.关系副词引导的定语从句:when/where/why
一.关系代词引导的定语从句:who ,whom ,that ,which ,whose
who 引导定语从句,修饰的先行词为人,在从句中做主语/宾语。
e.g.: 1)He is the person who saved the child.(主)
2) The man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars. (主)
3) A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the students.
whom (who的宾格 ),修饰人,在从句中做宾语,口语中可省略。
e.g.: The man whom you met on the street is my father.
that既修饰人也修饰物,既可做主语也可做宾语。
e.g.: 1)She is the woman that often comes here.人,主
2) Is there anything that I can do for you ? 物,宾
4.which修饰物,在从句中做主语/宾语。做宾语时可省
e.g.: 1)The book which/that you lent me is very interesting.
2)This is the novel (which) I want to read .
5.whose是who 的所有格,从句中做定语,修饰人,物。
e.g.: 1)The chair whose leg was broken has been repaired.
2)This is the boy whose parents died last year.
6.whose+名词中心词:在定语从句中作主语/宾语。whose的先行词常指人,但有时指具体的物、抽象概念,可与of + which换,语序为“n.+ of + which”。 7.as 作关系代词,与the same, such as,so连用 (the same as… (that) )
e.g.: 1) He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.
2) You have the same idea as I.
3) Take as many as you want.
★定语从句时态不要求与主句一致
e.g.: The story which I read last night is very interesting.
★定语从句中关系代词做主语时,从句的人称,数与先行词一致。
e.g.: 1) Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.
请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去体检。
★定语从句要注意的几点规则:
一.用which的情况:
1.当先行词为物,关系代词前有介词的时候。
e.g.: This is the house in which Tom once lived.
2.在非限定定语从句中,先行词为物时。
e.g.: Have you ever been to Shanghai ,which is one of the largest cities in China.
3.当先行词是that时。
e.g.: The best way is that which Tom has done.
★定语从句要注意的几点规则:
一.用which的情况:
1.当先行词为物,关系代词前有介词的时候。
e.g.: This is the house in which Tom once lived.
2.在非限定定语从句中,先行词为物时。
e.g.: Have you ever been to Shanghai ,which is one of the largest cities in China.
3.当先行词是that时。
e.g.: The best way is that which Tom has done.
二.用that的情况:
当先行词指物的时候,许多情况下既可用which,也可用that做关系代词,但下列情况中,只能用that,不用which。
1.在 there + be 句型中,句子的主语为先行词,又为物
e.g.: There are two novels that I want to read.
There is a car in the garage that was made in Germany.
2.以Here is (are)开头的句子时。
e.g.: Here is a film that will move away.
Here is a story that will certainly interest you .
3.It is (high) time +定语从句
e.g.: It is high time that he went to school.
4.当先行词是the way/time等词时,且关系代词用或在定语从句中(作方式状语)不作成分时。
e.g.: 1) This is the way (that) my father did this work.
2) I hate the way(that )he talks to his wife.
3) I won’t forget the many times (that) he helped me out of trouble.
4) This is the first time(that) I have been there.
5.在双重限定性定语从句中,如一个从句用who或 which引导时,则另一个从句用 that引导。
e.g.: 1) He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest.
2) He works in the factory which products color TV sets that is not far from here.
6.当先行词被the only, the very, the last, just the修饰时.
e.g.: 1) She is the only girl (that) I know who can sing this song in English.
2) This is the very pen that I am looking for.
The only book that I want to read is missing.
7.在强调句中,且以who, which, what开头时。
e.g.: 1) Which is the star that is nearer to the earth?
2) Who was it that was lost?
8.当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
e.g.: 1) You are the first person that I want to ask for.
2) This is the most beautiful city that I have visited.
9.当先行词被all, every, no,some,few,little,much,both修饰时.
e.g.: This is all the things that I want to say at the meeting.
10.当先行词为不定代词:all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything etc.时 e.g.: 1) All that we have to do is to practice every day.
2) I have nothing that is worth reading.
11.当先行词既包含人又包含物时。
e.g.: 1) Let’s talk about the persons and the things that I have visited.
2) The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.
12.当先行词是疑问代词who, which开头时.
e.g.: 1)Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess?
三.用who的情况:
1.如果先行词前有any, all修饰,或anyone,one(s) ,all, those做代词指人做先行词时。 e.g.: 1) Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2) All who have finished their homework can go home.
2.先行词是人称代词时。
e.g.: He who laughs last laughs best.
3.在非限定性定语从句中,先行词为人时。
e.g.: I, who am your good friend ,will try my best to help you out.
4.当先行词为there be句型主语且指人时。
e.g.: There is a man from London who wants to see you .
四.如何选择whose和of which:
1) 如果定语从句的先行词是人,就用whose.
e.g.: He is the student whose English is the best in the school.
Do you know the teacher whose family is in the northwest?
2) 先行词指事,既可用of which,又可用whose.
e.g.: This is the desk the legs of which are broken.
=This is the desk whose legs are broken.
3) 先行词指物,而它之前有:不定代词或其它限定词时,只能用of which.
This is the desk the two legs of which are broken.
五 .“介词+关系代词”引导从句
在这种结构中,关系代词若是表示人时,就只能用whom;关系代词若是表示物时,就只能用which。
1.当介词放在关系代词前面时,介词宾语只能用which(指物)或关系代词whom(指人)不能省略。
e.g.: 1) He was found a good job for which he is qualified.
(qualify + n. + for 意为“使…具有…资格” )
2) The man to whom you talked just now will chair(主持)the meeting tomorrow.
2.当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词的宾语的关系代词往往省略。
e.g.: This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of.
3.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句,这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。
e.g.: He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.
★注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。
e.g.: This is the pen which I’m looking for.