马克吐温作品分析
Part one : the brief introduction of Mark Twain
Real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens['klem ənz]
Birth place: in the town of Florida
At the age of 4：his family moved to a town on the Mississippi River, where two famous books ,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) were written.
He grew up in a wealthy family.
in 1847:father died, which made the family in hardship---- he left school,-- worked for a printer
in 1851: finished his apprenticeship,he began to work for his brother’s newspaper, But he thought it was too small----- found jobs in many cities (e.g. New York)
in his early twenties: gave up printing career-- a riverboat pilot-- influenced him a great deal, provided him with the pen name Mark Twain. Life on the river also gave Twain material for several of his books
until 1861: the Civil War exploded, shut down the Mississippi for travel and shipping---- made his way west---- a silver miner--- journalism.
In 1863: sign articles with the name Mark Twain.
in 1870.:he got married.（Olivia, ）
the late 1860s and 1870s ： many of his novels were instant bestseller, Twain’s position as a giant in American literary circles
on April 21, 1910: Twain died
he ’s not rich,but it didn ’t influence his humour,intelligence,and reputation,he is regarded as one of the most famous American.he had a lot of friends,including some famous people.
main works:
Tom Sawyer (1881) 《汤姆·索亚历险记》
The Prince and The Pauper (1881). 《王子与贫儿》
Life On the Mississippi （1883）《密西西比河上》
Huckleberry Finn （1884. ）《哈克贝里·芬历险记》
Millions of Pounds《百万英镑》
To Run for Governor《竞选州长》
Card County Frog《卡县名蛙》
名言logion
Tell the truth forever, such of words you need not recorded you to once say some what.
永远说实话，这样的话你就不用去记你曾经说过些什么。
Among all animals, the mankind are the most ruthlessness, is unique make the happiness on pain and sufferings of animal.
在所有的动物当中，人类是最残酷的，是唯一将快乐制造在痛苦上的动物。
Part two: the introduction of the form of literature
Then we come to part 2,the introduction of the forms of fiction. Before that we will give the definition of Fiction It is a form of which deals with events that are not factual, but rather imaginary and invented by its (s).
There are 6 types of fictions. Here we will not introduce them in detail.We just give a brief introduction. The first one is Realistic Fiction, the Representative writer of this type is Gustave Flaubert （福楼拜）,his work is Madame Bovary（《包法利夫人》）,the second type is Classicism Fiction(古典主义) John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress.The third one is .Romance Fiction (浪漫主义)Victor Hugo （雨果） - Cathedral of Notre Dame （《巴黎圣母院》）The fourth one is Expressionism Fiction(表现主义) Ernst Bloch（恩斯特·布洛赫）----Geist der Utopie（《乌托邦精神》.The fifth one is .Existentialism[eɡziˈstenʃəliz(ə)m] fiction(存在主义) and the sixth one is ..Consciousness(意识流).
Then we talk about the elements of fictionThere are 6 elements in the fiction.:plot,theme , character, conflict , scene, setting,and structure.
And this novel is in form of diary, which also belongs to fiction.
Part three: the background of The Diaries of Adam and Eve
Now lets come to the background of this novel——The Diaries of Adam and Eve. I'm sure the story of Adam and Eve has been quite familiar for us, because professor Li had told us in our advanced English class. So we meanly told some message concerning about this novel.
Written in his late years, the novel which published in 1906 is different from the works he had written before. He used to be cynical, however, after his wife’s death, he became a person who hated the world. Maybe because of his wife’s death,he really understood all the happiness he had in the world.,so that he created the novel to express his love to his wife and his deep repentance. Just like Adam in the novel,he finally comprehended that wheresoever she was, there was Eden.
There are two pieces which Twain later expanded, and revised together. The Diaries of Adam and Eve seems to be a record of the lives of the first humans.He portrays.[pɔ:'trei]（描述）Adam as a man who only sit around and do nothing, but whose curiosity eventually gets the better of him once it is sparked(使感兴趣)by Eve. It moves on to detail Eve eating the apple and finding Abel, a perplexing creature which Adam can not figure out. He devotes his ironically scientific mind to demystifying Abel's species, thinking it a fish, then a kangaroo, then a bear. Eventually he figures out it is a human, like himself. Eve is seen as a curious woman who wants to understand everything around her and has the need to share it with any person who will listen, limited, at first, to Adam, who is indifferent to Eve and her passions.
The "plot " of these extracts are the first-person account of Eve from her daily life
to her burial by, her mate, Adam , including exploring the world around her, Eden . The story then jumps 40 years into the future after the Fall and expel from Eden.
Part four: the analysis of the extracts
After the Fall
When I look back, the Garden is a dream to me.
当我回首往事，伊甸园对我就好像一个梦，那是一个美丽的梦，美得超凡绝伦，美得令人销魂，可现在，梦境已经消失，我再也不会看见它了。
Analysis:words
enchantingly[in'tʃa:ntiŋli] adv.夺人心魂地；可爱地，迷人地.
词根 enchant v. 1)to make someone feel very interested, happy, and excited 使陶醉，使入迷 e.g.He was enchanted by the idea. 他为这个主意而欣喜若狂
2)(literary) to use magic on something 对……用魔法
Part of speech
1.When I look back, the Garden is a dream to me.——metaphor
2.It was beautiful, surpassingly beautiful; enchantingly beautiful——parallelism
The Garden is lost, but I have found him, and am content. He loves me as well as he can; I love him with all the strength of my passionate nature, and this, I think, is proper to my youth and sex. If I ask myself why I love him, I find I do not know, and do not really much care to know; so I suppose that this kind of , like one’s love for other reptiles and animals. I think that this must be so. I love certain birds because of their song; but I do not love Adam on account of his singing – no, it is not that.
伊甸园消失了，而我有了他，我很满足。他全心全意爱着我，我也全心全意爱着他。我觉得对于年轻的我，女性的我，这是最完美的结局了。我问自己，为什么爱他？但是。我真的自己也不明白，而且我觉得这并不重要。我认为这种爱并不是用推理或统计可以说清楚的，这种爱不同于一个人对其他动物的爱。我认为事情肯定是这样的。
Analysis:words
1.reptile ['reptail] a type of animal such as snake whose blood changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs. 爬行动物
2.on account of: because of something else, especially because of a problem or difficult. 因为，由 于
e.g. Bill cannot come to the meeting on account of illness.
比尔因病不能到会。
Part of speech
I suppose that this kind of love is not a product of reasoning and statistics——metaphor
Forty Years Later
It is my prayer, it is my longing, that we may a longing which shall never perish from the earth, but shall place in the heart of every wife that loves, until the end of time; and it shall be called by my name.
II 四十年后
但愿我们两人能一同告别这个世界，这便是我的祈祷和渴望。这是一个深爱丈夫的妻子埋藏心底的愿望，永不改变，直到世界的末日，它也会留存于每一个钟情妻子的心中，而且将被冠以我的名字。
Analysis:words
perish v. 1)especially literary to die,especially in a terrible or sudden way 死亡（尤指惨死或猝 死）
e.g.Hundreds of sheep perished that year because of drought.
那年由于干旱, 几百头羊突然死去。
2) (material such as rubber or leather) decays and loses its natural strength 损坏，老化 e.g. Continuous washing has perished the rubber. 不断地洗涤使橡皮筋失去弹性。 be called by one's name: 冠以……的名字
Part of speech
pass from this life together——euphemism
Grammar
It is my prayer, it is my longing, that we may a longing which shall never perish from the earth, but shall place in the heart of every wife that loves, until the end of time; and it shall be called by my name.
这是一个主语从句，两个it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 后面的从句部分we may pass from this life together，a longing 是my longing的同位语，后面的从句是由which 引导的定语从句，后面的but 和and 引导的是并列从句
But if one of us am not so necessary to him as he is to me – life without him would not be life; how could I endure it? , and will not cease from being offered up while my race continues. I am the first wife; and in the last wife I shall be repeated.
At Eve’s Grave
Adam: Wheresoever she was, there was Eden.
如果我们必须有一个人先去，我希望是我。因为他坚强，而我软弱；因为他不像我爱他那样的爱我。人生如果没有他，那就算不得人生了，我怎能忍受得下去呢？这种祈求也是永恒的，当我的后代繁衍生息之时，这个祈求也将无止息地被重复着。我是第一个妻子，而且人世间最后一个妻子将把我重复。
在夏娃墓前
亚当：无论何处，它所在的地方就是伊甸园。
Analysis:words
cease[si:s] v.to stop doing something or stop happening. cease (doing) sth. 终止，停止 e.g.The storm has ceased. 暴风雨停了。
Cease fire! 停火
n. stop 停止
Part of speech
1.But if one of us must go first——euphemism
2.This prayer is also immortal——hyperbole
Grammar
1. I am not so necessary to him as he is to me——比较句型 他不像我爱他那样的爱我。
2. But if one of us must go first, it is my prayer that it shall be I; for he is strong, I am weak, I am not so necessary to him as he is to me – life without him would not be life; how could I endure it? 这是一个主语从句，主句是it is my prayer.it是形式主语，真正的主语是it shall be I 。
The meanings between the lines:
After the analysis, we found the deep meaning between the lines. The writer tries to show the blindness of women's love. She always cheeses Adam's steps and devotes all she had. But never considers deeply why she loves Adam. Sometimes it is also true to the majority of women. The writer is belonged to realism, he always tried to uncover the reality of society. Because he experienceed the Golden Rush and Civil War, he saw the gloomy society and bad humanity. By depicting the pure and sincere love between Adam and Eve, Twain wanted to disclose the ugly truth. At the same time, it sings highly of the greatness of love.