英美概况斯图亚特王朝

答卷封面

(COVER)

课程名称（Subject ）： 英美概况

编 号 (No.)： 11-12-02-018503A

系 别 (Department): 专 业 (Major)： 英语

姓 名 (Name)： 江瑜

学 号 (Student‟s Number)：BC09110114

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1、Candidates should fill in the information appropriately.

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机密（Confidential ） 编号（No. ）：11-12-02-018503A

试 题（T est ）

课程名称（Subject ）： 英美概况 考核类别（Type of test）： 考查 课程类别(Type of course) : 专业限选课 考试形式(T est type) : 论文 使用范围（Target group）：外语系2009级英语专业本科1-10班，合作本科1班，英语（旅游酒店管理方向）本科1班，英语（翻译方向）本科1-2班

1. Topic List

On One of the English Dynasties

— the House of…

2. Words:

a. Write the essay at least 1500 words.

3. Requirements：

a. Summarize the background information in the first part, your comment in the second part, and the conclusion in the third part.

b. Write an abstract (60-80 words) and the key words (3-5 words) on the first page of the essay.

c. Write the content of the essay below the key words.

d. Write at least two references at the end of the essay.

4. Marking Criteria

a. Format (10 points)

b. Language (vocabulary, structure, organization) (30 points)

c. Knowledge (you are required to show the knowledge you learned) (30 points) d. Idea (your own opinion and analysis) (30 points)

On One of the English Dynasties

— the House of Stuart

Abstract ：In the last year of Elizabeth ‟s reign, the long working agreement between Crown and Parliament was returning into strained relation. This situation was created chiefly by the change of economic strength different classes. In the early years of the 17th century , the bourgeoisie through enclosures and foreign plunder had gained economic supremacy in England, but in politic they were still under the control of the feudal nobles with the king as the head. So the emotional fervor which later led to the Civil War was the religious fervor, even when the disagreements might in fact be practical issues of politics or economics.

Key words: Stuart; religious; parliament

In the last year of Elizabeth‟s reign, the long working agreement between Crown and Parliament was returning into strained relation. This situation was created chiefly by the change of economic strength different classes. In the early years of the 17th century , the bourgeoisie through enclosures and foreign plunder had gained economic supremacy in England, but in politic they were still under the control of the feudal nobles with the king as the head. The economic interests coincided with the religious division. The more extreme kind of Protestantism known as Puritanism suited the mentality of the bourgeoisie. So the emotional fervor which later led to the Civil War was the religious fervor, even when the disagreements might in fact be practical issues of politics or economics.

When Elizabeth I died in 1603, the son of Mary Stuart became king of both countries as James VI of Scotland and James I of England. He thought Calvinism and Presbyterianism were a threat to the royal authority . So after he became king of England, he was determined not to allow the Church of England to become Presbyterian like the Church of Scotland.

A group of English Catholics planned to kill him when he opened parliament on Nov . 5, 1605. A man called Guy Fawkes was found with matches in his land and a barrel of gunpowder at his side. The plotters were arrested or executed. This day is still called Guy Fawkes Day . On the evening of the day a figure representing Guy Fawkes is ceremonially burnt and a firework display is arranged. Guy Fawkes (1570 -1606) conspired in the Gunpowder Plot to blow up King James the First and members of both Houses of Parliament. He was arrested in the cellar below the House

on November 4, 1605 tortured and executed. Guy Fawkes Day is still celebrated in Britain every year with bonfires, fireworks and the burning of the „guy‟ usually a grotesque effigy. Recollections of the Fifth of November 1853 Surely there never were a phoenix as incombustible as Guy Fawkes. Regularly, once a year, he rises from his ashes, parades through the streets in triumphal procession, attends several public meetings, at all of which he takes the chair and then when the evening closes in, he warms his toes over a friendly fire and cracks his venerable sides with a number of good things and generally retires about ten o'clock, after having spent a very jolly evening, during which everything has gone off as pleasantly as possible. Extract from Illustrated London News 1853. The occasion is usually accompanied by a supper or barbecue and is held both publicly in parks and recreation fields and privately in the gardens of houses.

He established a strong government in Scotland and believed in the principle of divine rights of kings. When he became king of England, he insisted on his legal prerogative and absolute power as king. He thought that kings were responsible to God and not to Parliament. His will would be the law. He tried to make the Church of England subservient to his will. He persecuted Puritans and Catholics; He left most government business in the hands of his favorites like the Duke of Buckingham. He sold peerages and monopolies in trade to the highest bidder. James I was stubborn but he was quite learned and full of vigor. In his reign, the Authorized V ersion of Bible (1611) was made by his command.

James I died in 1625. His son Charles ascended the throne. Charles I, James‟s son (1625 - 1649), came to the throne after his father's death. He depends on his father‟s favorite, Buckingham who borrowed him to the quarrel with Parliament. In 1629 Charles dissolved parliament and ruled without it for 11 years. He took Catholic as ministers and persecuted Protestants. He persecuted Puritans, arresting, torturing, finding, and humiliating them and many of them were forced to leave the country . Charles I collected taxes without approval of parliament. He asked people for “loans”, and those who refused were put into prison.

During the 11 years he tried various ways to raise money . In 1637, Charles‟ Scottish sub jects rebelled because Charles‟ archbishop Laud tried to make the Scots accept the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. The Scots threatened to invade England. Charles believed that Englishmen‟s patriotism would force Parliament to provide him with money to fight the Scots. He called a new Parliament in April 1640 and asked for 800,000 pounds. Instead of granting him money, Parliament criticized the government for what it did in the past and demanded reforms. In anger, Charles dissolved the Parliament, which was known as the Short Parliament.

Four months later, the Scots did invade England and defeated Charles‟ army. The Scots demanded a large sum of indemnity . They would not withdraw from England until the money was paid. In order to raise the money, Charles had no other way but to call the parliament in 1641. This parliament was to last for eleven years, known as the Long parliament.

Some of the puritans wished to transform the Church of England into a Presbyterian Church. The Commons took the chance to attack the archbishop and the Catholic ministers. Charles began to take violent action he went to the House of Common to arrest Pym and other leaders. Now people in London were against the King. The king escaped to the north.

The Civil war began in August 1642.The west and north supported Charles and those who supported Charles were feudal nobles and their followers. The supporter of the king was called Cavaliers. London and southeast were for Parliament. The supporters of the Parliament were called Roundhead because the common people of London kept their hair cut short.

Cromwell worked to get rid of all the incompetent generals. The parliament passed “Self-Denying Ordinance”. The important and decisive factor was Cromwell‟s new army, which was called “New Model Army”.

After the war was over, the revolutionary camp divided openly into three groups: The Presbyterians, the Independents, and The Levelers.

In 1648, Cromwell defeat Scots army induced by Charles. This is the beginning of the Second Civil War. In 1651, Charles‟s son marched into England from Scotland, but was defeated and flees to France. He Second Civil War was over.

In 1649, Cromwell and “Rump” (members of the Long Parliament who had voted for Charles‟s execution) declared England a Commonwealth. Cromwell died at the age of 59.on 3 September, 1658. His son Richard was chosen as Lord Protector. In 1659 he was overthrown by a group of Cromwell‟s old generals. People regrets about the execution of the King and the army grew as the Puritans exerted tough control of the nation‟s morals and as Oliver Cromwell became more and more a petty tyrant.

In 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return and declared him king. Charles assumed the title Charles II of England, and was formally recognized as King of Scotland and Ireland. Charles II was restored to the throne of England; Englishmen began a period of 28 years of submission to the absolution of the Stuarts. The Cavalries got back some lands that enemies had seized. They had more seats in the new parliament they use these power to revenge on their enemies. They would not let any Roundhead work in local government. They dismissed most of Cromwell‟ army but they kept the royal horse guards. A series of disasters struck the country early in

the reign of Charles II. Dunkirk was lost. The Great Plague caused 70,000death in London. The Great Fire of London devastated a large part of London.

Charles II died in 1685. His Catholic brother James succeeded to the throne as King James II of England. For the first time England had a monarchy who openly avowed membership in the Roman Catholic Church. James turned France for help and he replaced many high officials who refused to accept the Roman Catholic faith. His behavior lost him the support of the Tories. In June 1688, both Whig and Tories united in an invitation to James‟ son -in-law, William of Orange, to intervene on behalf of English liberty . James fled to France, and parliament met and voted that James has abdicated the government. William III and his wife Mary II (daughter of James II), were proclaimed joint sovereigns of England in 1688. This became known as the Glorious Revolution. Mary II died in 1694 and William ruled alone until his death in 1702.In 1702, Mary‟s sister, Anne, came to the thr one. During her reign, the name Great Britain came into being. In 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland.

Bibliography

[1] 刘宁：英国皇室王朝论，江西民主职业学院学报，2009年，6月刊。

[2] 爱德华. 加索尔：《英国王朝论》，北京：新华出版社，2004年。