英语一新题型讲义

考研帮课堂配套讲义《英语（一）新题型

课程配套讲义是学习的必备资源，帮帮为大家精心整理了高质量的配套讲义，确保同学们学习的方便与高效。该讲义是帮帮结合大纲考点及考研辅导名师多年辅导经验的基础上科学整理的。内容涵盖考研的核心考点、复习重点、难点。结构明了、脉络清晰，并针对不同考点、重点、难点做了不同颜色及字体的标注，以便同学们复习时可以快速投入、高效提升。

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PS:讲义中的不足之处，欢迎各位研研批评指正，我们将竭尽所能追求更好！

目录

第一章新题型概述........................................................................................................................1

一、概述...................................................................................................................................1

1.考研英语一试卷结构..................................................................................................1

2.新题型前世今生..........................................................................................................1

3.新题型考情概述..........................................................................................................2

4.新题型文章常见类型..................................................................................................2

5.新题型做题大原则......................................................................................................3

第二章完型填句(段).......................................................................................................................3

一、解题技巧.........................................................................................................................3

1.解题技巧......................................................................................................................3

2.常见的7大类关联词(短语).......................................................................................4

二、真题演练-2015年...........................................................................................................5

1.真题..............................................................................................................................5

2.试题解析......................................................................................................................7

三、真题演练-2013年...........................................................................................................8

1.真题..............................................................................................................................8

2.试题解析....................................................................................................................10

第三章段落排序...........................................................................................................................11

一、解题技巧.......................................................................................................................11

解题技巧.........................................................................................................................11

二、真题演练-2010年...........................................................................................................12

1.真题............................................................................................................................12

2.试题解析....................................................................................................................13

三、真题演练-2011年.........................................................................................................14

1.真题............................................................................................................................14

2.试题解析....................................................................................................................16

第四章加小标题...........................................................................................................................16

一、解题技巧.........................................................................................................................16

二、真题演练-2007年.........................................................................................................17

1.真题............................................................................................................................17

2.试题解析....................................................................................................................19

第一章新题型概述

一、概述

1.

考研英语一试卷结构

2.新题型前世今生

2005年考研英语大纲将原来试卷中的听力部分取消，放到了复试环节，增加了阅读新题型。另外，2002年试卷取消了词汇单项题。这些举措都是为了让考生更加重视英语的实际应用能力。阅读新题型就符合了这一思路和趋势，它大幅降低了原来的阅读传统题型考生靠猜来答对题目的可能性，强调的是考生要将文章看懂才有可能答对题。

3.新题型考情概述

主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。本部分有3种备选题型。每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。

备选题型有：

1)完型填句(段)(7选5)：本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500-600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6-7段文字。要求考生根据文章内容从这6-7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。

2)段落排序(5选5)：在一篇长度为500-600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落(7-8个)重新排序，其中有2-3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。

3)加小标题(7选5/6选5)：在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6-7段文字或6-7个概括句或小标题。这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。要求考生根据文章内容，从这6-7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。2005-2015年阅读新题型考查类型：

(完型填句(段)7;段落排序3;加小标题1)

2005:完型填句(段)

2006:完型填句(段)

2007:加小标题

2008:完型填句(段)

2009:完型填句(段)

2010：段落排序2011：段落排序2012：完型填句(段)2013：完型填句(段)2014：段落排序2015：完型填句(段)

4.新题型文章常见类型

1)问题型：提出问题——分析问题——解决问题

2)议论型：提出论点——列举论据——得出结论

3)立论/驳论型：提出观点——表示赞同——论证观点

提出观点—发表异议—驳斥观点—建立观点—论证观点

4)因果型：结果/现象——原因/成因

5.新题型做题大原则

新题型做题大原则

1.看首尾，读大意；

2.找关联，作推理；

3.看选项，找对应。

把握两大关键

1.主题唯一是关键。一个英语段落只能有一个主题。全文要围绕一个主题去展开;每一个段落也只有一个主题。分主题是为全文主题服务的。

2.段落、句子前后连贯一致是关键。连贯性是指段落与段落之间，段落内的分句与分句之间的衔接和协调一致，上下文用词要连贯，用词会重复出现。文章或段落的论点与论据之间的关系必须清楚、合乎逻辑。

快速解题“四步走”

第一步：精读重点，通读全文。尤其是全文首尾段，每段首句要精读，迅速推出文章的主旨大意。

第二步：精读选项，筛选核心。用笔记下每个选项的大致中文意思和核心词。

第三步：根据线索，原文定位。分析上下文背景，瞻前顾后，关注上下。

第四步：全文检查，校验逻辑。把自己选择的选项带入原文，检测是否文章前后连贯，所选的选项是否和文章的主旨大意相吻合。

第二章完型填句(段)

一、解题技巧

1.解题技巧

1)先当其冲看首段，了解文章主旨。

2)看空前空后句，找出空前空后句中的关键信号词，

通过比较选项中某个名词或动词跟空前或空后的一致

性或者相关性来确定这两个句子之间的一种关联性，

从而选择正确答案。

3)看选项，找出与空前空后句中心词、同义词、近义或相关性的词语，实现关键词的对接。

4)注意特殊疑问词。如果选项中或空前出现特殊疑问词，回答方式是不一样的：当用why来提问时，回答时要有because等表原因的词;当用when来提问时，回答时要有表时间的状语;当用where来提问时，回答时要有表地点的名词;当用how来提问时，回答时要有手段方式等。

5)理顺文章逻辑关系

常见的逻辑关系有：并列、转折、递进、因果、解释、列举等；

6)把握文章脉络线索

脉络线索可以通过注意文章的以下词汇来把握。

a)重复词汇：包括原词重复和其它重复，即使用同义词或者上下义词等；

b)共现词汇：属于同一词汇搭配范畴或者某一领域的词汇；

c)代词：包括人称代词，特别是第三人称代词(it,its,he,his,him,she,her,they,their)、指示代词(this,that,these,those）以及both,all,each,either,neither等。

d)专有名词或难词：包括人名、机构名称等,以及一些具有一定专业性或者很罕见的重要名词在文中首次出现时，往往会有一些解释性信息，人名一般会用全名，名词首次出现时前面一般用不定冠词a或者an，这就为做题提供了重要的位置信息和线索。

e)数字词汇：包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇,诸如ratio,rate等。列出数字，除了和其它数字进行对比和比较之外，还可以用数据来说明一个观点。

2.常见的7大类关联词(短语)

1)表并列

and,indeed,also,similarly,like,accordingly,aswellas…,inthesameway,meanwhile.

2)表转折

but,yet,although,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,ontheotherhand,instead.

3)表递进

besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore.

4)表解释

thatis,thatistosay,namely,inotherwords.

5)表列举

tobeginwith,tostartwith,firstofall,next,firstly,secondly,thirdly,foronething,foranother,

forexample,forinstance,take…asanexample,suchas.

6)表原因

because,as,since,for,becauseof,owingto,thanksto,dueto,asaresultof.

7)表结果

so,therefore,hence,thus,asaresult,asaconsequence,consequently,accordingly,inconsequence,tosumup,inaword,inshort,inanutshell,inbrief,insummary,inconclusion,onthewhole,allinall.

二、真题演练-2015年

1.真题

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearly,youtrytocomprehend,inthesenseofidentifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawingonyourimplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar.(41)________________.Youbegintoinferacontextforthetext,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisevolved.Whoismakingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere?

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofcomprehensionbuttheyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustofpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagementininferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograspbypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandclues.(42)________________.

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeachreader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor“true”meaningthatcanbereadoffandcheckedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationshipofthetexttotheworld.(43)_____________.

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare.(44)_____________.Thisdoesnot,however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfromdifferenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlappingreadingsofthesamewordsonthepage--includingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhumanconcerns--debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestinreadingit.(45)_____________.Suchdimensionsofreadingsuggest--asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwillalso

do--thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesnotthennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethananother.Ideally,differentmindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsforandcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverallliteracy,orrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfillstherequirementofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreadingonatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationsbutatthesametimeobscureorevencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingcluespresentedinthecontext.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakeamentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetextmaybesignificanttoyou,oraboutitsvalidity—inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponseforwhichtheauthorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbytheauthor,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor’sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotextsonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwemightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationsorpatterningweperceiveinatext’sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsofbackground,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.

2.试题解析

41题解析：

该题是中空，所以先看上句。空前与空后句中的主语是you,因此正确选项在C、D中存在，此其一;D中出现了reconstruct(重组)表示再次发生，与下面的begintoinfer发生了叙述上的矛盾。故排除D，选择C。另外，C中的wordsoridioms和meanings在41空前句重现，因为前句中有identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem。42题解析：

该题是尾空，所以看上一句话。空前一句中的主语是you,因此正确选项在C、D、E中存在，此其一;其二，该句中主句谓语动词是infer,与E中的宾语inferences构成逻辑对应关系。故排除C和D，选择E。另外,42空前两句提到了阅读时我们会activeengagementininferenceandproblem-solving,并针对作者文中的specificevidenceandclues进行信息的推测。E选项中further一词表明延续此话题，用forinstance具体举例说明我们对文章信息作怎么样的推测。43题解析：

该题是尾空，应重点看本段上一句。同时下段开头出现了代词suchbackground，而G中最后一句中的background与之形成逻辑对应关系。故选择G。另外，G中Rather表示转折，与43空前句开头的not构成“not…rather…”(不是……而是……)结构。

44题解析：

该题是中空，看上下句。此段空前句中有关键词background，空后句中有关键词interpretation;background逻辑上对应G中最后一句中的background，而interpretation逻辑对应B中最后一句中的interpretations.故选择B。另外，B中Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgender,ethnicity,ageandsocialclass是44空前whoweare的具体阐述。

45题解析：

该题是中空，看上下句。最后一段首句主语是we,所有选项中只有A和G的主语是we;但是G中首词是转折词Rather，与首句逻辑矛盾，故排除G，选择A。另外，A中具体描述了许多不同的阅读目的和方式，此为对45空前句Howwereadagiventext和ourparticularinterestinreadingit的具体阐述。A中的信息是45空后句suchdimensionsofreading的指代对象。

三、真题演练-2013年

1.真题

Directions:

Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.

Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.

Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41)_________________.Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.

(42)_________________.Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.

Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchange”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince2004.(43)_________.

Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgium,forexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.

Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding.(44)_____________.Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate.

Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory.Thishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45)________.Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.

[A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournals,andonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewhere,suchaspolicybriefs.

[B]However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthesekeywords.

[C]Theideaistoforcesocialscientiststointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,includinghealthanddemographicchange;foodsecurity;marineresearchandthebio-economy;clean,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties.

[D]Thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiallytheyoungones.

[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehaviour:allrequirebehaviouralchangeandsocialinnovations,aswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy.

[F]Despitethesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEurope,someareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.

[G]Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds—includinggovernment,highereducation,non-profitandcorporate—variedfromaround4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,itisabout15%.

2.试题解析

41题解析：

所填空位于段中，需根据前后句来确定。前句紧接首段社会科学的繁荣而Yet笔锋一转，指出thisenormousresource并没有对如今的globalchallenges做出足够的贡献，包括climatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth等。综合来看，可猜得所选项应该是对前句的解释，其中可能会含有globalchallenges或其同义词。对比选项，[D]中有globalchallenges，但论述的是解决问题的方法，与此处语境不符。而[E]选项中的Theseissues正好与globalchallenges同义，并且allhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior解释了为什么说thisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallenges。此外，[E]选项直接用forexample提出案例:Stemmingclimatechange,对应前面的一项全球挑战climatechange。因此[E]选项为正确答案。42题解析：

所填空位于段首，应据其后的内容确定。空后出现shame(贬义词),而且，根据破折号后对其的进一步解释可知，所填空的内容应该是社会科学界未能做好的一种情况。对比选项，只有[F]选项明确指出manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems，其中的socialscientists正好对应科学界，reluctant表明其消极态度，suchproblems则对应前段的theproblems。所以可确定[F]选项为正确答案。

43题解析：

所填空位于段尾，应据其前文内容来确定。根据该段首句话可知，该段主要论述社会科学关注的是学科内问题，而对有影响力的外界课题关注较少。接下来便对此举例论证，指出包括关键词environmentalchanged和climatechange的论文数量迅速增长。由此可知，所填空应该是继

续讲述此类论文的数量问题，且应该是指向首句后半句“关注较少”的内容。对比选项，只有[B]提及到论文数量问题，且指出“这些数量还是很小的”，与原文意思一致，而且还有keywords重现。由此可知，[B]选项是正确答案。

44题解析：

所填空位于段中，需根据前后句内容或上下文来确定。该空的前句，即该段首句，和后句中均含有theamount，且均指availablefunding，所以空中一定会出现theamountoffunding或其同义语。对比选项，只有[B]和[G]提到数字。[B]直接说明thenumbersarestillsmall，这与空后面所说的anadequateamount相互矛盾，故排除[B]。[G]选项nationalspending…variedfromaround4%to25%符合空中所要求的内容，既有theamount，也有availablefunding的内容，所以[G]是正确答案。

45题解析：

所填空位于段中，需根据前后句内容或上下文来确定。所填空的前句是说，欧盟框架基金计划取消面向社会科学家的基金项目的目的不是为了忽略社会科学家，而是completeopposite。所以，接下来应该是论述其真正的目的。所填空之后的代词that指代所填内容，且该内容shouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavors。对比选项，[C]中的theideaisto…既与空格前Theintentionisnotto…的结构相呼应，而且integratetheirworkwith也与空后的collaborativeendeavors相对应，所以[C]应该是答案。此外，[C]中的healthanddemographicchange,foodsecurity,...andsecuresocieties也与空格后文中的globalproblems形成对应，属于上义下现。所以，[C]是答案。

第三章段落排序

一、解题技巧

解题技巧

除了注意以上“完型填空句(段)技巧”中需要的诸多要点之外，还要关注以下几点：

首段的特点一般包括：谈到某种普遍现象或话题；

末段的特点一般包括：出现总结性或结论性的词汇。

二、真题演练-2010年

1.真题

Directions：

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizeintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsAandEhavebeencorrectlyplaced.

[A]Somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable—forexample,theParthenoninAthens,Greece;thepyramidsofGizainEgypt;andthemegalithsofStonehengeinsouthernEngland.Butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.Mostarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenlocatedbymeansofcarefulsearching,whilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.OlduvaiGorge,fellintoitsdeepvalleyin1911.ThousandsofAztecartifactscametolightduringthediggingoftheMexicoCitysubwayinthe1970s.

[B]Inanothercase,AmericanarchaeologistsRenemillionandGeorgeCowgillspentyearssystematicallymappingtheentirecityofTeotihuacaninthevalleyofMexiconearwhatisnowMexicoCity.AtitspeakaroundAD600,thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheword.Theresearchersmappednotonlythecity’svastandornateceremonialareas,butalsohundredsofsimplerapartmentcomplexeswherecommonpeoplelived.

[C]Howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhenthereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground?Typically,theysurveyandsample(maketestexcavationson)largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.Surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunderstandingthelargerlandscapesthatcontainarchaeologicalsites.

[D]Surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.Inonecase,manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientMayacityofCopán,Honduras,havelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillageandindividualdwellingsbyusingaerialphotographsandbymakingsurveysonfoot.TheresultingsettlementmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticallybetweenAD500and850,whenCopáncollapsed.

[E]Tofindtheirsites,archaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.Airbornetechnologies,suchasdifferenttypesofradarandphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraft,allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliesbeneaththegroundwithoutdigging.Aerialsurveyslocategeneralareasofinterestorlargerburiedfeatures,suchasancientbuildingsorfields.

[F]Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.Suchsearchescantakeyears.BritisharchaeologistHowardCarterknewthatthetomboftheEgyptianpharaohTutankhamenexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.Inthelate1800sBritisharchaeologistSirArthurEyancombedantiquedealers’storesinAthens,Greece.HewassearchingforthingengravedsealsattributedtotheancientMycenaeanculturethatdominatedGreecefromthe1400sto1200sBC.Evas’sinterpretationsofthoseengravingseventuallyledthemtofindtheMinoanpalaceatKnossosontheislandofCrete,in1900.

[G]Groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.Mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking,lookingforsurfacecluessuchassmallfragmentsofpottery.Theyoftenincludeacertainamountsofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectedpointsacrossalandscape.Archaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradar,magnetic-fieldrecording,andmetaldetector.Archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsitesandthelandscapesaroundsites.Twoandthree-dimensionalmapsarehelpfultoolsinplanningexcavations,illustratinghowsiteslook,andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch.

2.试题解析

41.首段，所以需要找寻综述性的段落。其中A和E选项是给出的，所以只需从余下选项进行选择。B选项中有another，所以不会是第一段。E选项中代词their指代不明。F中有however,也不会是第一段。因此，只留下C和D选项。在C选项最后一句提到survey和testsample，而在D选项开头就提到了survey,而且整段都是，由此可看出D是对C的分述。所以C是首段。

42.此题排在A项之后，所以内容上应该是衔接的。A项主要谈论的是大部分考古地点是通过仔细搜寻之后找到的，而其他的很多是被偶然发现的，接着举了一些例子。接下来在看各段首句的时候，发现F项中提到大部分考古地点是被考古学家们特意寻找发现的，和A提到的偶然发现意思相反，所以F正确。

43.此题排在E项之后。E选项最后一句提到天空的搜寻，而在G选项的开头提到地面搜寻，正好形成对应，所以为正确答案。

44.此时只留下B和D选项。其中B选项开头提到了inanothercase,所以前面一段一定要提到inonecase,而D选项中有inonecase.所以，D选项在前。

45.根据上面的分析，此题只能选B。

答案：41-45CFGDB

三、真题演练-2011年

1.真题

Directions：

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizeintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandChavebeencorrectlyplaced.

[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmthehumanities.Youcan,Mr.Menandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.

[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofsytle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“generaleducation”shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,Mr.Menandnotes,“thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread”,theyformasortofsocialglue.

[C]Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentawardedmorebachelor’sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodusomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.

[D]OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.ManystudentsexperiencebothvarietiesAlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-specialistliberal-artdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.

[E]BesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparationtopAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalizedtheprofessor.Thegrowthonpublicmoneyforacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoa

prerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalization,arguesMr.Menand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable.”Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.

[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMr.Menand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.”Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.“Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.”Yetquitehowthathappens,Mr.Menanddosenotsay.

[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookThemarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.

2.试题解析

41.从给出的开头段落G，可以看出这是一篇介绍LouisMenand的书TheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversity和他的观点的文章，紧接着下面就应该讲他书中阐释的问题和他的观点，B选项中开头一句提到hisconcern，暗示提出问题，指出美国大学存在的主要问题。从结构上来看，B选项内容能够合理地与G选项衔接，故41题正确答案为B选项。

42.文章的主题是关于“humanities”。上一段提出大学人文学科正走向没落，所以下面就紧接着应该解释出现这种现象的原因，42项答案即D或者E，但因为E在后一项给出，且有连接词Besides可知，42为

D。此外，D选项中首句出现的separate一词，与E选项中thisseparation正好构成关联，故42题应选D选

项。

43.A选项指出，没有哪门专业化学科像人文学科这样，需要倾注如此多的热情，之后提到获得人文学科的博士学位，需要9年的时间，这一信息可对应E选项中的theacquisitionofadoctoral，从结构和内容构成了合理的衔接，所以43题应选择A。

44.依据43题的选项A，说人文学科获得博士学位的时间长，需要倾注很大的热情，所以

高达一半的英语博士生在获得学位之前辍学就毫不奇怪了。从剩下的选项中，首先排除F，因为F的“conclude”可知F项应为全文的总结。从C的“Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwiththejobstheyenteredgraduateschooltoget:tenuredprofessorships”可知，C是紧接着A，所以44题选C。

45.由F选项内容可知，该段进行总结说明，往往也出现在文章末尾，应将F选项放在文章末段，故F选项为45题的答案。

答案：41-45BDACF

第四章加小标题

一、解题技巧

这种题型侧重考查段落的一致性特征，就是要求寻找段落的核心信息，然后进行概括，再与选项中的小标题进行匹配。解题过程类似于传统阅读中的段落主旨题。解题方法是(注：原文首段是文章的梗概，一般不出题)：

1)划选项关键词。重点找名词，因为文章的话题词一般用名词。

2)读段落。这一步中又有4个步骤：

①先看每段首句(概率50%)、第二句(概率20%)。因为一般文章的首句和第二句会概括该段的中心思想，这叫做演绎型的写法；如果无法推导出主旨含义，再看该段的末句(概率20%)，这叫做归纳型的写法。

②找转折句。若此段落有转折句，该句一般就是答案。分析归纳找关键名词与选型进行对比。

③找总结性句子。若此段有总结性句子的话，一般在段落尾。一般有so、hence、therefore等词出现，这句话往往就是答案。

④如果主题句比较复杂，先看主句部分。如出现Although…，要先看其后的部分。

3)细节非答案。选项如果描述的是某个细节，且在原文中出现过，则不能选为答案。

4)同义替换为答案。只要选项和所读段落有同义替换，那么一般为答案。

5)通读原文，复核检查

标题初步选定后，将其套入原文进行通读，体会每个初选的主题或段落大意与下面段落中

的事例或细节描述是否吻合贴切。考察所选的各个段落主题与全文的主题与发展脉络是否一致，是否符合逻辑顺序。

二、真题演练-2007年

1.真题

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA—Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.

A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKids

B.BuildYourKids’WorkSkills

C.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities

D.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis

E.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies

F.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre

G.BuildYourKids’SenseofResponsibility

HowCanaParentHelp?

Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.Evenifajob’sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult’sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcall“work-lifeunreadiness.”

41._________________

Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.

42._________________

Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels–asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsand

vauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea.”Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.

43.___________________

Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.

44.______________________

Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.

45.__________________

Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.

Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.

2.试题解析

41题解析：

由该段首句中whentheyare11or12,可排除选项B(workskills),D(future),E(copingstrategies),G(senseofresponsibility);再看第二句中的strengthsandweaknesses，由此可确定答案

为选项F。

42题解析：

该段首句rolemodels有一定迷惑和误导性，很容易选择选项A;但接着第二句中出现regular和dinner-tablediscussions，还有末句中的future，最终锁定答案为选项D,其中future和regular同时再现。

43题解析：

由该段首句teachingthemhowtowork可知该段内容与工作有关，所以很快锁定答案为选项C,其中包含了关键词workskills。

44题解析：

由该段首句Playingvideogames和watchingTV可知该段内容与娱乐有关，所以很快锁定答案为选项C,其中的leisureactivities是对原文Playingvideogames和watchingTV的同义替换。

45题解析：

由该段首句knowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy可知答案为选项E，其中的coping(cope)是对原文中dealwith的同义替换。