中英文诗歌鉴赏
中英文诗歌鉴赏考试题目与答案
1. In regard to what Poetry is, one of the traditional definitions
in China is “poetry is to sing what is in the heart”; (原文为:诗
者,吟咏情性也。) thousands of years later, the great poet in
Britain Wordsworth interprets poetry as “spontaneous overflow
of powerful feelings.” (可译为:诗是强烈情感的自然流露), please
make a comment on the two definitions of poetry above. You may
answer in either English or Chinese.
答:中国诗歌重在言志抒情。由于人们的社会地位不同,所以反映的志愿
也不一样,如李贺的《南园十三首》之五:“男儿何不带吴钩,收取关山
五十州。请君暂上凌烟阁,若个书生万户侯?”表达了诗人的不得志。杜
甫的“安得广厦千万间,大庇天下寒士俱欢颜,风雨不动安如山。”表达
了诗人忧国忧民的情怀。而西方诗歌重在对感情的自然流露。
2.Auditory effect is of great value in reading a poem. What are
the elements contributing to the auditory effect in Chinese poems
and English poems? Please answer the question above with some
examples. You may answer in either English or Chinese.
答:CP:
1. Effects achieved by monosyllabic nature of the characters.
2. Effects achieved by possession of fixed tones of the characters.
3.Effects achieved by other devices (rime, alliteration, riming compounds,
reduplication,onomatopoeia )
rime:
静女其姝,俟我於城隅。
爱而不见,搔首踟蹰。
静女其娈,贻我彤管。
彤管有炜,说怿女美。
自牧归荑,洵美且异。
匪女以为美,美人之贻。
Analysis:The poem is mainly in four- syllabic line, with an occasional
extra syllable (in stanza I, line2, and stanza III, line3) the rime scheme
is :AAOA,BBCC,DDCD
alliteration:
茌苒星霜换,回还节候催
riming compounds :
雾树行相引 连山望忽开
reduplication: 青青河畔草,郁郁园中柳。
onomatopoeia:关关雎鸠,在河之洲
EP:
1.Syllable, Syllabification and Stress:
For example:
morning 0 o
verbalize 0 o o
tomorrow o 0 o
2.The Foot Formation or the Meter Type Stressed and unstressed syllables in
speech or writing, if arranged with regularity, form a stress pattern or stress
patterns.
amphibrach: o 0 o amphimacer: 0 o 0
antibacchius: 0 0 o antispast: o 0 0 o
3.The Line Structure
The Assyr- / ian came down / like a wolf / on the fold,
o o O /o o O/ o o O/ o o
O
5.The Rhyme and Other Sound Devices
i. Single Rhyme, or Masculine Rhyme Repetition of one vowel, either a single
vowel, or a diphthong
ii. Double Rhyme, or Feminine Rhyme Two vowels repeated
iii. Triple Rhyme, or Multiple Rhyme
iv. The Coincidence of Numeral Types
3. Translate the following principle advocated by Ezra Pound into Chinese
and make a comment on it in English.
To present an image (hence the name: "Imagist"). We are not a school of
painters, but we believe that poetry should render particulars exactly and not
deal in vague generalities, however magnificent and sonorous. It is for this
reason that we oppose the cosmic poet, who seems to us to shirk the real
difficulties of his art.
答:为了显示图像(因此称为:意象)。我们不是一个画派,但是我们认为,
诗歌应该提供精确的细节而不是大量隐晦模糊的概括,但是诗歌应该华丽
宏伟。正是这个原因,我们反对那些对我们来说逃避他的艺术中真正困难
的诗人。
4.The following English version is made by Weng Xianliang from an
ancient Chinese poem. Please write out the Chinese version and make a
comment on the following English version. You may answer in either
Chinese or English.
Good-bye to the city high in the rosy clouds of dawn.
Homeward ,out the gorge,out today!
Let the apes wail,
Go on.
Out shoots my boat.
The serried mountains are all behind.
答:朝辞白帝彩云间,千里江陵一日还。
两岸猿声啼不住,轻舟已过万重山。
5.Translate the following poem and make a comment on it. (You may
answer either in Chinese or in English )
In the Station of the Metro
The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.
答:地铁站台上
人群中幽灵般的脸面,
潮湿的黑枝条上的花瓣。
Apparition,petals on a wet.black bough等构成的意象很形象。
6.Talk about The difference between the Chinese and English
definition of poems (You may answer either in Chinese or in
English )
答:CP :诗言志, 歌咏言《尚书》
诗者,志之所之也,在心为志,发言为声。《诗大序》
诗者,吟咏情性也. 《诗大序》
诗可以兴,可以观,可以群,可以怨。 《论语》
诗缘情而绮靡《文赋》
以为诗写性情《随园诗话》
1.Poetry as Moral Instruction
2. Poetry as Self-expression
3. Poetry as Contemplation
4. Poetry as Literary Exercise
EP:Poetry in general seems to have sprung from two causes: the instinct of
imitation ,the pleasure felt in things imitated --Aristotle
Poetry is making , imitation, is not the end of poetry but is intermediate to the
end. The end is the giving of instruction in pleasurable form.
--Julius Caesar Scaliger
Poetry is the art of uniting pleasure with truth by
calling imagination to the help of reason
-- Dr. Johnson
A poem should be motionless in time
As the moon climbs
A poem should be equal to:
Not true
7.My view on the poetry Ars Poetica(You may answer either in
Chinese or in English )
答:说明了西方人对诗歌的理解:诗歌是情感的自然流露。同时将西方人
严重的诗歌应该是安静而有内涵,应该是直接而非隐晦。总观全诗,先说
诗歌应该像水果,像窗台的石栏,被衣袖抚摸,却默不作声,但是每个人
却有各自的理解。然后说说诗歌像月亮揭开缠绕夜色的树,给人以指示。
像明月抛开记忆,勾起阅读者的思绪。再说诗歌应该不仅仅是真实的,以
代替悲哀历史的是空荡的门口,是一叶红枫。代替爱情的,是芳草欠身,
是日月临海。说明诗歌应该是确有所指的。
8.What is “YiXaing”? Write out a poem you’ve learned and give
an illustration.(You are required to answer in English )
玉阶怨
答:Yixiang (意象)in Chinese is actually a compound word, consisting of two
separate words yi (意) and xiang (象), the two of which have their own
meanings.
In the first expression, image is “象”and concept is “意”. “意” and “象” are
sep arated. Here,“意”refers to one’s mental action or concept, viz. one’s
aesthetic experience or personality , etc.; while “象” suggests external being or
beings that may come into one’s mentality and become the target of mental
actions.
In the second expression, apparently, ”意象” refers to the “physical shape” in
one’s mind, out of which the carpenter can make an implement.
The third “意象” is something existing in the mind, shapeless and fluid.
The last two terms are actual the ”象“ in the maker’s mind, which hasn’t
found its way into the works.
Anyway, from all these expressions, we can find that it is inappropriate to
translate “意象” into a single word image, because certain connotations get
lost in such a simple word; yet it is not so considerate to put “象”into image ,
for it may cause confusion. The word object may make a better translation of
“象”, but it is too narrow in its referent.
For example:
The word cloud in everyday use refers to “visible water vapor floating in the
air”. When it comes into poets’ mind, it will have a new meaning, viz., a
different tenor, which can convey poet’s feelings. Take Tao Yuanming’s poem
The Pending Clouds for example. When cloud is used together with pending , it
gains a new tenor, longing for one’s family or bosom friends.
9.What are the possible reasons for the two different
versifications in Chinese poetry and western poetry: directness
and indirectness?
答:1.These two conspicuous different cultural traditions, to some degree,
explain the two different poetry versifications
Chinese Suggestiveness and English Narrativeness
Chinese Suggestiveness :1.Latent 2。Reserve
english Narrativeness :Emphasis on the structure of stories,
characters,conflicts
2.Suggestiveness guides Chinese poets to compose poetry in an indirect way
which endows Chinese poetry with suggestiveness, wholeness and
pervasiveness.
Narrativeness calls on poets to tell directly
Chinese Parataxical Language
English Hypotaxical Language
3.The parataxical language contributes to the conciseness of Chinese poetry.
Grammatical rules play a less important role in the lines of poetry. More often
than not, the pronouns are omitted. Thus the meanings can not be read directly.
They are both-and related.
Chinese Groups of Image
English Bare Image or Single Image
4. From the above, we can find that image consists of vehicle and tenor, and
when poets entrust their tenors, or say, their intentions to vehicles, image takes
the duty as a medium to which poets can naturally resort to express their
feelings in a roundabout way. In addition, owing to the fact that one vehicle
usually has more than one tenor, one image allows of multiple interpretations.
Chinese Indirectness
English Directness
10. Translate the following principle advocated by Ezra Pound into
Chinese and make a comment on it in English.
To allow absolute freedom in the choice of subject. It is not good art to write
badly of airplanes and automobiles, nor is it necessarily bad art to write well
about the past. We believe passionately in the artistic value of modem life, but
we wish to point out that there is nothing so uninspiring nor so old-fashioned as
an aeroplane of the year 19 11.
答:为了主题选择的绝对自由。这不是好的艺术描写坏的飞机和汽车,也
不一定是不好的艺术将过去写好。我们坚信有艺术价值的现代生活,但我
们想指出,没有什么人比1911年的飞机老套。
to produce poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred nor indefinite。A poem
should be equal to,not only ture.
11. What do you think can be the possible reasons for the failure of imagist
movement?
答:
were devoted to "clarity of expression through the use of precise visual
images." The first tenet of the Imagist manifesto was "To use the language of
common speech, but to employ always the exact word, not the nearly exact, nor
the merely decorative word." Imagism was a reaction against the flabby
abstract language and "careless thinking" of Georgian Romanticism. Imagist
poetry aimed to replace muddy abstractions with exactness of observed detail,
apt metaphors, and economy of language.
Not same as english Narrativeness
12. Poetry for Reciting
乌衣巷
刘禹锡
朱雀桥边野草花,乌衣巷口夕阳斜。
旧时王谢堂前燕,飞入寻常百姓家。
金陵图
韦庄
江雨霏霏江草齐,六朝如梦鸟空啼。
无情最是台城柳,依旧烟笼十里堤。
天净沙·秋思
(元)马致远
枯藤老树昏鸦。小桥流水人家。
古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下。
断肠人在天涯。
赋得自君之出矣
(唐) 张九龄
自君之出矣,不复理残机。
思君如满月,夜夜减清辉。
玉阶怨
玉阶生白露,夜久侵罗袜。
却下水晶帘,玲珑望秋月。
She Walks in Beauty
She walks in beauty, like the night
of cloudless climes and starry skies;
And all that’s best of dark and bright
Meet in her aspect and her eyes;
Thus mellow’d to that tender light
Which heaven to gaudy day denies.
One shade the more, one ray the less,
Had half impair’d the nameless grace
Which waves in every raven tress,
Or softly lightens o’er her face;
Where thoughts serenely sweet express
How pure, how dear their dwelling –place.
And on that cheek, and o’er that brow
So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,
The smiles that win, the tints that glow But tell of days in goodness spent,
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent.
逢雪宿芙蓉山主人
刘长卿
日暮苍山远,
天寒白屋贫。
柴门闻犬吠,
风雪夜归人。
古离别 孟郊
欲去牵郎衣
“郎今到何处”
不恨归来迟
莫向临邛去
Hold fast to dreams
For if dreams die
Life is a broken-winged bird That can not fly.
Hold fast to dreams
For when dreams go
Life is a barren field
Frozen with snow.
___ Langston
更漏子
温庭筠
玉炉香,红蜡泪, Hughes
偏照画堂秋思。 眉翠薄,鬓云残, 夜长衾枕寒。
梧桐树,三更雨, 不道离情正苦。 一叶叶,一声声, 空阶滴到明。