高考状语从句用法详解
状语从句用法详解
一、时间状语从句(4-6分)
A . when, while, as, whenever;
when, while, as表示主句谓语作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。
1.when
①when 表示点时间时,从句中用短暂性动词;表示段时间时,用持续性动词。 我到家的时候,全家已在吃晚饭。(when 表示点时间)
当他们还在说笑的时候,老师进来了。(when 表示段时间)
【注意】当when 意思是正当……时候(and at that moment)时,when 只能跟在前一分句之后。 他正要上床,忽然门铃响了。 ②有时when 表示虽然,尽管的含义,相当于although 或since 。 既然你不宽恕别人,你自己又怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢?
2.while
①while 通常表示一段时间,从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。 趁热打铁。
②while 有时可以作并列连词,表示对比,可译成……而……。 我喜欢英语而他却喜欢数学。 ③while 有时可引导让步状语从句,意思是虽然。 they love the children, they are strict with them. 虽然他们都爱他们的孩
子,但却对他们要求严格。
虽然during 与 while 意思很相近,但是during 是介词,不能引导从句。
3.as
①as 表示点时间时,从句中用短暂性动词;表示段时间时,用持续性动词。as 和when 两者经常可以通用。 小偷在超市行窃时被逮住了。
②as 表示 一边……一边……,强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。 他一边走,一边不时地往后看。 ③as 表示随着,此用法不用when 或while 替代。 随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖了。
4.when, while, as的用法区别
①只有当从句表示的是段时间,即其谓语动词有持续性特征时,这三者可以通用互换。
I got the news on the radio when /while /as I was having breakfast. 我在吃早饭的时候从收音机里获悉这一消息。
②在下列情况下,三者彼此之间不能替换使用:
a .as 更强调同一时间或紧接的一前一后或伴随着的变化。
We listened to the singer sing as he played the guitar. 我们听着歌星边弹吉它边演唱。
【提示】 状语从句可放在主句之前或之后,放在主句之前时一般用逗号与主
句分开。有时可置于主句中间,前后用逗号。
【注意】as 引导时间状语从句表示“当……的时候”“在……期间”时,该从句的谓语通常是那些表示动作意义的动词,而不能是be(是、在), have(有) ,like(喜欢) ,belong(属于) 等表示状态或静态意义的动词。
【误】I’m going to the post office.—As you are there, can you get me some stamps?
【正】I’m going to the post office.—While you are there, can you get me some stamps? 我打算去邮局。——当你在邮局的时候,请帮我买几张邮票好吗? 正因为 as 引导时间状语从句表示“当……的时候”“在……期间”时,从句的谓语不能是表示状态或静态意义的动词,所以当下面第一句变为第二句这样的状语从句时,不能再用 as ,而应用 when :
As a student he had known great poverty.=When he was a student he had known great poverty. 他当学生时,经历过很贫困的生活。
b .when 更强调特定时间,还可表示从句中的动作先于或后于主句的动作,此时不用as 或while 。
When I had given Mary the spare ticket, I found my own already gone. 当我把多余的票给了玛丽时,我才发现我自己的票已不知去向。(从句动作发生在主句之前,注意主从句的时态)
When I finally got there, the meeting had been on for ten minutes. 当我最终赶到那里时,会议已开始十分钟了。(从句动作发生在主句之后,注意时态) c .while 从句只能表示延续的动作或状态或主从句中动作的对比。
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 她以为我在谈论她女儿,而事实上,我在谈论我的女儿。
d .若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时,用as 场合多于when 。
As he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause. 他结束讲话时,观众爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。
5.whenever
whenever 是when 的强势语,它描述的不是一次性动作,而是经常发生的习惯性动作。
B . before, after
1.before
before表示在一段时间之前。 回家之前我必须干完所有的活。 She didn’t go out she finished her homework. 她把作业做完才出去的。(=not……until……)
提示: before 从句往往带有否定的含义,常译为:还没等到….就….;还没来得及…就……趁着还没……就……。作此意时,从句中常见情态动词can/ could 。 我没坐多久他就回来了。
【必背】before 常用句型
①It will be + 时间段+before+ 一般现在时:要等多久才…….
It will be five years before we meet again.五年以后我们才能再见。
②It won’t be long before+ 一般现在时:等不了多久就会……
It will not be long before you regret what you have done.不用过多久你就会对你所作所为感到后悔的。
③It was +时间段+before +一般过去时:等了多久就……
It was minutes before the police arrived. 过了几分钟警察才到。
④It wasn’t long before+ 一般过去时:没等多久就……
It was not long before I realized I was wrong. 不久我就意识到我错了。 其他变形句型:
The war last three years before it finally ended.战争在结束前持续了三年。
Three years passed before I finally realized my mistake.过了三年我才意识到我的错误。
【对比】
It is/ has been +时间段+since +一般过去时:自从……以来到现在已经有多长时间
It is three years since the war broke out. 战争爆发以来已有三年。
2.after
after 表在一段时间之后。
Let's play football after school is over. 放学后我们踢足球吧。
C .till, until
1.until till用于肯定句时,表示直到 为止,主句必须为持续性动词。
We shall wait until /till he comes back.我们将一直等到他回来。 (注意它们的拼写)
Everything went well until till that accident happened.直到发生那意外之前,一切都正常。
2. Not……until /till……表示直到……才…… ,主句通常要用短暂动词,这时until 和till 可用before 代替。Not 有时被no, nobody, nothing, never, hardly, little 等否定词所取代。
必背:①not until句型的倒装句:当not until位于句首时,主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。(Not until…+助动词+主语+ 其他)
Not until she stopped crying did I leave.直到她不哭了,我才离开的。
【注意】 until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,但till 从句一般不放在句首。
②not until 句型的强调句:在强调句型(It is/ was not until…….that……)中一般只能用 until , 不用till 。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I recognized her.直到她摘下墨镜,我才认出她。
D .since, ever since
1.since 自……以来。表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为延续性动词的现在完成时,since 从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。
It has been just a week since we arrived here.我们到这儿刚刚一星期。 It is three years since he began to smoke.他开始抽烟到现在已三年了。
【比较】有时since 从句中也可以用延续性动词,注意它的译法。 It is three years since he smoked.他戒烟已有三年了。
I have made great progress since I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。
2.ever since 从那时起直至现在,此后一直。表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长,语气比since 强。
Ever since they got married in 1950, they have lived happily.自一九五零年结婚以来,他们一直生得很幸福。
E .as soon as
as soon as...可译为一……就……,用来表示主从句的动作是紧接着发生的。 He will come and see you as soon as he can.他一有空就来看你。
【必背】一……就……还可以用on /upon doing 结构来表示。
On arriving home he called up Lester.=As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester. 他一到家就给莱斯特打电话
F . immediately instantly directly 相当于as soon as ,从句中用一般过去时态。
They phoned her immediately they reached home. 他一到家马上就给她打了电话。
I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。 We came directly we got your telephone.我们一接到你的电话就赶来了。
G .the moment, the minute, the instant, the second这几个名词短语也可用作连词,直接引导时间状语从句,表示一…就…相当于as soon as。
He said he'd turn on TV the moment he got home.他说他一到家就打开电视机。 Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives.告诉他,他一到我就要见他。 The second the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom.铃一响,学生就冲出了教室。
Telephone me the moment (that) you get the results. 你一有结果,马上给我打电话。
I was so tired that I fell asleep the instant I closed my eyes. 我很累,一合上眼就睡着了。
H .hardly …when …, no sooner…than …这两个短语都表示刚……就……,可以互换, 主句通常用去完成时。
He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick.他刚出发就想起家来。
He had hardly started his speech when someone rose to refute his points.他刚开始发言, 就有人站起来反驳他的论点。
【注意】当hardly (=scarcely), no sooner 位于句子的开头时,主句须用倒装语序。
Hardly had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door woke her up. 她刚要睡着,忽然敲门声把她吵醒。
No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work began. 地上的霜一消散,人们就开始工作了。
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.=No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.我一回到家,天就开始下起雨来。
I .once
once 作连词时,也相当于as soon as,但它含有的条件意味更浓,它引导的从句较短。
Once you begin, you must continue. 一旦开了头,你就应当继续下去。
Once you see him, you will never forget him. 你一旦见过他,就不会忘了他的。 J .next time, the first time, the last time, every time, any time, each time
Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.下次你进城一定来看我们。 He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次见他时,他给我留下了好印象。
The second time I saw her, she looked like an old woman. 我第二次见到她时,她看上去像一个老太婆。
The third time I went there, I found all of them had left and the offices were all
empty. 我第三次去那儿时,我发现他们都离开了,所有的办公室都是空的。 Every time I see him he looks miserable.我每次见到他,他都是一付痛苦的表情。 The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed happy enough.上一次我见到他时,他看上去很开心。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话,他都感到紧张。 Any time you come to London do look me up. 你无论什么时候到伦敦来,一定要来看我。
K .by the time
by the tine 也可以引导时间状语从句,意为到 时为止,主句一般要用完成时态。
By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself. 爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。 (从句为一般过去时,主句要用过去完成时)
I shall have finished my work by the time you return.在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。(从句为一般现在时,主句要用将来完成时)
二、地点状语从句(2-4分)
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever (where 的强势语), anywhere 和everywhere 引导,是表示空间关系的状语从句。
A. where
where 在……地方,去……地方
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。
Y ou'd better make a mark where you have any questions.哪儿有问题,你最好在哪儿做个记号。(这里where 引导的从句不是定语从句)
【注意】在地点状语从句之前,不要使用介词。
【误】Y ou should put the book at where it was.
【正】Y ou should put the book where it was. 你应该把书放在原来的地方。
【误】We should go to where we are needed most.
【正】 We should go where we are needed most.我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。 区别where 引导的定语从句和状语从句。
I will go where I am needed most. (状语从句)= I will go to the place where I am needed most. (定语从句)
B. wherever
wherever 在任何……地方,无论哪里
Wherever you go, you should do your work well.不论到什么地方,都要把工作做好。
C. everywhere
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里,我都发现同样情况。
D. anywhere
I’ll take you anywhere you like. 你想到哪儿我就带你到哪儿。
【注意】有些地点状语从句中有的词可以省略。
Where possible, they tried to acquire colonies. 只要可能,他们就设法取得殖民地。
三、原因状语从句(2-4分)
原因状语从句是表示原因和理由的从句。引导原因状语从句的有as, because, since, now (that), considering that, seeing that等。
A .because 因为
Because I like it, I do it. 因为我喜欢,所以我才干。
【注意】①because 等词不能与 so 连用。
【误】Because he was careless, so he failed in the exam.
【正】He was careless, so he failed in the exam.由于他粗心,所以他考试不及格。 ③because 后接陈述句;复合介词because of 后不能直接跟that 从句或者是没有引导词的从句,其后可接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句等。
He is here because of you (that). 他为你(那事) 而来这里。
We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿,我们对此只字未提。
【正】I can’t do the work because of my illness.
【正】I can’t do the work because I’m ill.
【误】I can’t do the work because of I’m ill.
【误】I can’t do the work because of that I’m ill.由于我的病我不能干这工作。
【比较】 because 和for 的区别。
1.for 是并列连词,只用于连接表示原因的分句,因此不能用于句首。because 表示原因时,可位于句首。
【误】For he did not obey the rules, he was punished.
【正】Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished. 由于他不遵守规章制度,他受到了处。
2.for 表示的是推断解释,because 强调动作发生的直接原因。
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚肯定下雨了,因为地面是湿的。(不可用because ,因为地面湿不是天下雨的原因)
The day breaks, for the birds are singing.天亮了,因为鸟在叫。(不可用because ,
因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因)
He went to bed early, because he was tired由于他累了,所以他很早就上了床。(直接的理由)
3.在强调结构It is was…that和关联词not…but 引导的原因状语从句中,宜用because 。
It's because he helped you that I'm prepared to help him.正是因为他帮助过你,所以我乐意去帮助他。
He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not wantto but because his wife was ill.他决定放弃出国的机会,不是因为他不想去,而是因为他妻子病了。
B . since
since 因为,既然。引导的从句大多置于句首,主从句的时态一般相同。 Since you have no license, you are not allowed to drive.因为你没有驾驶执照,所以不允许你开车。
C .as
as 由于。一般多用于句首。
As she was ill, she didn't come to the party.由于病了,她没来参加晚会。
D . because, since, as 的区别
1.because 语气最强,表达的是未知的新信息,回答why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as 或 since ,一般置于主句之后,也可以放在主句之前,用逗号隔开。在回答why 引导的特殊疑问句时,或在强调结构It is/was because+从句+that 和关联词not because +从句+but because+从句以及not only because+从句+ but because +从句等结构中,要用because 。另
外,because 还常和副词just, merely等
2.since 往往表示的是已知的客观事实,或分析后的推理,引导的从句大多置于句首,主从句的时态一般相同。
3.as 表示的理由最弱,只是对主句的附带说明,重点在主句。as 从句通常放在主句前。
Just because he doesn't complain, you must not suppose that he is satisfied.你不可只因他不抱怨就以为他满足了。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟,旅行推迟了。
Since you're not interested, I won’t tell you about it. 既然你不感兴趣,那我就不告诉你了。
As you are unable to answer perhaps we should ask someone else.因为你不能回答,也许我们该问一问别的人。
E .now that
now that 既然,因为。that 可以省略。
Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands.既然饭已好了,洗手去吧。 F .considering that, seeing that , given (that)这三个词和since, now that意思相近,都有鉴于(事实),考虑到…的意思。
Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 由于好些人都没到会,我们决定延期开会。(seeing 后面的that 可以省略)
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite good job.考虑到他们才刚刚学做,他们干得算很不错的了。
Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.
考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。
【注意】considering 和 given 还可用介词。
Considering his age, the little boy reads very well. 就他的年龄来说,这小孩读得挺好的。
Given her interest in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业。
G .not that …but that… 这一结构相当于汉语的不是因为…而是因为。 Not that I don't like the film, but that I have no time for it.不是因我不喜欢看这部电影,而是因为我没有时间看。
四、目的状语从句 (2-4分)
目的状语从句是表示行为目的的从句。引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that, so,so that, in order that等,从句中常常使用一些情态动词,如can, could, may, might, should等。
A .that, so that,in order that表示为了,以便,一般放在主句之后。that 语气较弱,用的较少,多用so that。
They hurried so that they might not miss the train.他们为了不误火车,才急急忙忙的。
In order that everyone present might hear her clearly, she raised her voice again. 为了使在场的每个人都能听清楚,她再次提高了声音。
【注意】当主从句的主语一致时,so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对应的动词不定式结构。
We got up early so that we would arrive in time. 为了能及时赶到,我们起得很早。
They hurried so that they might not miss the train.→ They hurried so as not to miss the train.他们为了不误火车,才急急忙忙的。
B .in case, lest, for fear that几个短语都表示万一,惟恐,含有否定的意义。 Take an umbrella in case it rains.以防下雨,带把伞。
五、结果状语从句(2-4分)
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有:that, so (that), so…that, such…that等。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。
A .so, that, so that这三个词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最为常用,so 或that 常用于口语或非正式文体中。
I didn't plan the work well, so that/so I didn't finish it in time.我没把工作计划好,结果没按时完成。(so that从句常用逗号与主句隔开)
B .so...that
so...that 如此……以致……。其引导的果状语从句有如下四种结构:
1.so + 形容词副词 + that-从句
The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.这村子太小,所以这地图上没有。
2.so + 形容词 + a/ an + 单数名词 + that-从句
It was so hot a day that tey all went swimming.天是那么的热以致他们都去游泳了。
3.so + many/few +复数名词+ that-从句
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.我摔了许多跤,以至于浑身青一块,紫一块。
4.so + much/little +不可数名词 + that-从句
I had so little money then that I couldn't even afford a used car.我当时囊中羞涩,甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。
【注意】little 表示小的时候,前面用such
He is such a little boy that he can’t lift the box. 他是这么小的小小孩,提不到那个箱子
5. 在so + 形容词/副词 + that-从句结构中,如将so + 形容词副词位于句首,主谓语要倒装。
So excited was he that she could not say a word. 他很激动,一句话都说不出来。
6. 在口语中 that 常省略。
I am so busy I have no time to write a letter. 我是那样忙,写信的时间都没有。
C . such... that
such...that 如此……以致……。其引导的结果语从句有如下四种结构:
1.such + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that-从句
Jenny is such a clever girl that all of us like her very much.詹妮是如此聪明的女孩,以至我们都非常喜欢她。
2.such + 形容词 +复数名词+ that-从句
He gave such important reasons that he was excused.他说出了这么重要的理由,得到大家的谅解。
3.such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that-从句
He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him.他的进步很快,老师表扬了他。
提示:such+ a /an+形容词+单数名词结构可以和so +形容词+a an+单数名词结构互换。
He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.→ He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
他给我们讲了一个如此有趣的故事,大家都笑。
→The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed.他给我们讲的故事是如此有趣,大家都笑了。
【区别】such/ so……that……引导的状语从句和such/ so……as……引导的定语从句。
He is such a clever boy that we everyone likes him. (状语从句)
He is so clever a boy that we everyone likes him (状语从句)
He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. ( 定语从句)
He is so clever a boy as everyone likes. ( 定语从句)
She had such a fright that she fainted.她吓得昏了过去。
Luckily such earthquakes as can cause a lot of damage do no happen very often. 很幸运,这种破坏性很大的地震并不经常发生。(关系代词as 在定语从句中作主语)
D .such that
such that可以连用,意思是(是)这样... 以致。
Mother's answer was such that she didn't say yes and she didn't say no. 妈妈的回答就是这样,既没有同意也没有不同意。
六、条件状语从句(1-6分)
条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。条件状语从句分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句。引导条件状语从句的有 if, unless, so as long as, as so far as, on condition that, in case, suppose, supposing
等。
A .if真实条件句
真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用陈述语气。
If he doesn't come at 8, we won't wait for him. 如果他八点不来,我们就不等他了。
B .if 非真实条件句
在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其构成有三种形式:
与现在事实相反 if 条件句的谓语:were/ did
主句的谓:would (could/ should/ might) + do
与过去事实相反 if 条件句的谓语:had done
主句的谓:would(could/ should/ might) + have done
与将来事实相反if 条件句的谓语:did/ were 或 should do 或 were to do 主句的谓:would (could/ should/ might) + do
1. 表示与现在事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去式(be 动词用were ),主句用should (第一人称)或would (全
人称)+动词原形。可用情态动词could, might代替should, would表示情态。 If it were Sunday tomorrow, I would go and see my friends. 明天要是星期天的话,我就去看望
我的朋友。
If I were you, I should go and try. 我要是你,我就去试试。
2.表示与过去事实相反的条件
条件从句用动词的过去完成时,主句用should (第一人称)或would (全部人称)+have done,也可用could, might代替should, would。
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。
3. 表示在将来不太可能实现的条件
表示在将来不太可能实现的条件从句有三种形式:
① were/ did
条件从句用动词的过去式(be 动词用were ),主句用should (第一人称)或would (全部人称)+动词原形。也可用could, might代替should, would。 If he were here tomorrow, I would speak to him. 明天如果他在这里的话,我就和他谈谈。
② should do
条件从句中不管什么人称都用should do,可表示有偶然实现的可能性。 If it should rain, the crops could be saved. 假如下雨,庄稼可能就有救了。 ③ were to do
条件从句用were + to do。这种形式比较正式,常出现在书面语中,其假设成份很大,实现的可能性很小。
If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way. 要是我做这项工作,我就会以不同的方式去做。
对比:
将来不太可能实现的三种非真实条件句中的虚拟语气对比
If it snowed tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家
里。(常用形式)
If it should snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天下雪的话,我就留在家里。(可能性较小)
If it were to snow tomorrow, I would stay at home. 如果明天要下雪的话,我就留在家里。(可能性最小)
C .省略if 的条件句(if 的倒装句)
在书面语中,非真实条件句中有were, had, should时,可以省略if ,而把were, had, should放在主语前,用倒装结构。
Were it necessary, I might go without delay. 如果需要的话,我可以立即去。(= If it were necessary......)
Had I not taken his advice, I wouldn’t have passed the exam.我要是没听他的建议的话,我就不会通过考试。(If I hadn’t take his advice, ……)
Should I have time, I would call on her. 要是有时间,我就去看她。(= If I should have time......)
D .错综时间的条件句
虚拟条件句中的主句和从句涉及的动作发生的时间不一致,这时主句和从句的谓语形式应按照各自动作发生的实际时间来表达。
If you hadn't watched TV yesterday, you wouldn't be so sleepy now. 如果你昨天不看电视,你现在也就不会这么困了。(从句yesterday 说明过去,主句now 说明现在)
If they had left home early this morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 如果他们今天一早就离开家的话,再过半小时他们就该到了。(从句说明过去,主句说明将来。)
If you hesitated this moment, you might suffer in the future. 如果你此刻犹豫不决,你将来会吃苦头的。(从句说明现在,主句说明将来)
注意:在很多情况下,我们也可以用was 来代替当主语是第一人称或第三人称单数时的were 。
If were here tomorrow... 也可以说成:If he was here tomorrow...
I wish I were a bird.也可以说成:I wish I was a bird.
但倒装句型中的were 不可被was 来替换。
Were I in your position, I would not do it.如果我处在你的位置,我是不会干这件事的。
E .含蓄条件句
非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在上下文中,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况:
1.条件暗含在单词短语中:常见介词有with 假如有, without假如没有, but for要不是因为; 连词有or/ otherwise(前句用陈述语气,后句用虚拟);but (前句为虚拟,后句陈述)
He would not get such a result without your help. 没有你的帮助,他就不会有今天的成果。(条件暗含在介词短语without your help= if you hadn’t help me中) But for you, I could not be recovered so soon. 要不是有你,我就不会恢复得这么快。(条件暗含在But for you= If you hadn’t help me中)
This same thing, happening in the past, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事,如发生在过去,就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语中happening in the past= if it happened in the past)
He must have been there, or he never could know the place so well. 他一定是去
过那儿,否则他绝不会对那个地方如此熟悉。(暗含条件是连词or ;后句为虚拟)
I would have been to your place, but I was really too busy.我本来要到你那里的,但我确实太忙了。=I was really too busy, or/ otherwise I would have been to your place. 我确实太忙了,要不然我就去你处了。
She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting. 她病了,否则的话就会出席会议了。(条件通过连词otherwise/ or 表示出来 If she had not been ill...)
I told him to go there himself, but perhaps I should have gone together with him. 我让他自己去那里,但也许我应该和他一道去。(连词but 暗示条件)
2.条件可根据上下文推理出
It would do you no good. 这可能会对你没好处。(条件可能是if you should give up the job 如果你放弃这项工作的话)
They could have won. 他们本来是会赢的。(条件可能是if they had been patient 如果他们有耐心的话)
Such mistakes could have been avoided. 这种错误完全能避免。(条件可能是if you had been more careful 如果你更加小心一点的话)
Why didn't you tell me about it I should have helped you. 为什么你不告诉我?我会帮助你的(条件可能是if you had told me about it 如果你当时告诉我的话) --- Did you go to see him yesterday 你昨天去看他了吗?
-- I would have, but someone dropped over to my house for a visit. 原想去的,但有人到我家来玩了。(条件是if no one had dropped over to my house for a visit 如果没人到我家来玩的话)
3.条件用其他形式来表示
She was ill, otherwise she would have been present at the meeting. 她病了,否则的话就会出席会议了。(条件通过连词otherwise/or表示出If she had not been ill... )
Suppose you were in my shoes, what would you do 假若你站在我的立场上,你会怎么办?(用suppose/ supposing/ providing等词表示if
To talk with her, you would know she could not hear well. 如果你同她交谈,你就会知道她的听力不好。(动词不定式带有假设的意思,相当于 If you should talk with her...)
Left to himself, he could not have finished the work. 要是放任他的话,他是不可能完成工作的。(动词的-ed 形式表示条件 If he had been left to himself...) 提示: 在很多情况下,虚拟式已变成习惯说法,很难找出其暗含的条件。 Y ou wouldn't know. 你不会知道。I would like to go with you. 我愿意和你一起去。
【 比较】
if only和only if的对比。
if only 解释但愿,要是��就好了,表示一个不可能实现愿望,要用虚拟语气。
only if 解释只有,等于only on condition that,从句用陈述语气。
Only if you heat ice, it turns to water.只有当你给冰加热,它才会变成水。 If only I knew!要是我知道该多好
If only I were you!假如我是你该多好啊!
If only I had followed your advice!要是我听了你的话建议该多好啊!
F .unless
unless = if not, 表示反面条件,意思是如果不、除非。
I won't let you in unless you show me your pass.如果你不出示通行证,我就不让你进来。(= I won't let you in if you don't show me your pass. )
【 注意】
if...not和unless 通常是可以换用的。但在下列情况下,两者是有区别的:
1.unless 多引导真实条件句,if �not 可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。 He won’t be able to pass the final exams unless he works hard. 除非他努力,否则就通过不了期末考试。
He won't be able to pass the final exams if he doesn't work hard. 如果他不努力,就通过不了期末考试。
2.如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容,if...not 结构不能换成unless 。如:
I'll be quite glad if she doesn't come this evening.她今晚如果不来我很高兴。
3.unless 引导的状语从句可用否定结构,而if �not 引导的从句不可再用否定结构。
Don't ask me to explain again unless you really don't understand.不要再叫我解释了,除非你真的不懂。
4.unless 能作为介词使用,相当于except ,而if �not 不可以。
Nothing will come out of it unless disaster.这种事除非引起灾祸之外不会有什么结果。
G .so long as, as long as, on condition that
这几个短语意思差不多,都表示只要,条件是……。
As So long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我们不灰心,我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
You may use the room on condition that so long as you clean it afterwards.只要你用完后打扫干净,你就可以使用这个房间。
H .in case
in case 既引导目的状语从句,也可以引导条件状语从句,等于if it happens that 。
In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.如果我忘了,请提醒我所做的承诺。
Send s a message in case you have any difficulty.万一你有什么困难,请给我们一个信儿。
I .providing, provided that, supposing, suppose that, given that
这几个短语意思相近,有如果,只要,假如等意思。
Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job. 考虑到他们缺乏经验,他们的工作已做得很好了。(that可以省略)
provided Providing(that )we invite him, he would surely come to dinner. 假如我们邀请他的话,他肯定会来吃饭的。
Suppose Supposing we can't get enough food, what shall we do 假设我们弄不到足够的食物,那我们怎幺办?(仅用于疑问句)
七、方式状语从句(0-3分)
方式状语从句是描述动作方式的从句。方式状语从句常由as, as if as though等词引导。
A .as, (just ) as…so…
其引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just )、as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as 从句带有比喻的含义,意思是\"正如…\",\"就像\",多用于正式文体。这两个连词的意思是如……,正如……一样。just as 比as 语气要强一些。
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。
Do in Rome as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。
【注意】在口语中,还可用like 来代替as ,引导一个方式状语从句。
Do you make bread like you make cakes你做面包的方法是不是和做点心一样?
B .as if, as though
由as if 或as though 引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况,用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大;也可以用虚拟语气的一般过去时或过去完成时表示与现在或过去不符的或与事实相反的情况。汉译常作\"仿佛……似的\",\"好像……似的\"。
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)
The boy plays piano as though he has a natural ear for music.这孩子弹起钢琴来家好象天生很懂音乐似的。
由as if 或as though 引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况,也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。
a. 表示与现在事实不相符,用一般过去时
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. 这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。(这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子)
b. 表示与过去事实不相符,用过去完成时
I felt as though we had known each other for years. 我感觉我们好像认识多年了。(其实并没有认识多年)
c. 表示与将来事实不相符,用would/ might/ could
It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。(不大可能下雨)
对比:
He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。(他就是年轻)
He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。(实际上他不年轻) They talked loudly as if nobody were around.他们大声说话仿佛周围没人似的
【注意】as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。 He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.
他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。
八、比较状语从句(0-3分)
比较状语从句由as, than引导。
A .as...as, the same as用于同等程度级的比较。否定句用not so as ...as, not the same...as 。
Our country is as big as the whole of Europe. 我们的国同整个欧洲一样大。
B .than
than表示不同程度级的比较
He is two inches taller than his father. = He is taller than his father by two inches.他比他爸爸高两英寸。
【注意】在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部分省掉,如果把省略部分补上,而显得累赘或不合乎习惯。
The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale.这孩子歌唱得同夜莺般婉转。
C .the more..., the more...
这是表示比例的比较,意思是越……就越……。第一个the more 也可以看成是一个条件。
The more you read, the better you understand. 你看的书越多,你懂得就越多。(= If you read more, you will understand better.)
【必背】倍数的表达法:一些常见的倍数比较句型。
①倍数+ 名词(+of +比较对象)。常用名词:age, size, width, length, depth等。 His father is double /twice his age.他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。
Our new school is four times the size of the old one. 我们的新学校是老学校的四倍。
②倍数+as……as+ 比较对象
His father is twice /double as old as he (is).他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。
Our new school is four times as big as the old ne. 我们的新学校是老学校的四倍大。
③倍数+形容词/ 副词比较级+than+ 比较对象
Our new school is three times bigger than the old one.我们的新学校比老学校大三倍。
The room is twice the size of that one.= The room is twice as big as that one. The room is twice bigger than that one.
九、让步状语从句(2-8分)
让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下,主句中的情况依然会出现。让步状语从句由although, though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever,
whenever, wherever, whether(是否), no matter (who, what, etc), even if, even though 等词引导。
A .although, though这两个词意思一样,都解释虽然,尽管。although 比though 正式。
1.although 指事实,多用于句首。多数情况下可与though 换用。 Although he is young, he is very clever.他尽管年轻,但很聪明。
2.though 既指事实,又指设想。可用于句首、句中或句末。
Though he is poor, he is happy.他虽然穷,但很快乐。
【 提示】 有时though= and yet=however但是,然而,放在句子末尾,前面用逗号。
It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though.那工作很苦,但是我喜欢干。(= It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.)
3.though 从句有时可以倒装,将从句中的一部分提置句首,把表语或状语提前(名词、形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前). 句首名词不能带任何冠词;如句首是实义动词, 助动词放在主语后. 如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前.
Child though he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子, 他懂得的东西却很多.(=Although he is a child, he knows a lot.)
Strange though it may look, it is true.尽管看起来奇怪,但是却是真的。 (= Though it looks strange, it is true.)
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems…虽然他尽了努力, 但他的工作总做的不尽人意.
【注意】although, though 不能与but 连用,但是可以与yet, still, nevertheless
连用。
Although Though he blames me, yet I will trust him.尽管他责怪我,但我还是愿意信任他。
Though he was hungry, still he would not eat.尽管他饿了,但是他仍然不想吃。
B .even if, even though这两个词语气比though, although强,解释即使,两者可以通用。
We won't be discouraged even if though we fail ten times.我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
C .while, whereas这两个词也可引导让步状语从句,突出主句和从句的对比。 While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.虽然我理解你的意思,但我还是不同意。
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.有些人喜欢肥肉,相反有些人讨厌肥肉。
D .no matter (who, what, where, when, etc)这几个词引导的让步状语从句语气十分强烈。
No matter how bus he was, he studied English every day.不管他多忙,他都每天坚持学习英语。
E .however, whatever, whenever, wherever 这些词在意思上和用法上都等于no matter how /what……
Whatever happens may happen, we shall never lose hope.无论发生什么,我们都不要失去信心。(有时从句中的动词与may 连用)
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I'll take it.无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。
Don't let them in, whoever (=no matter who) they are.不管他们是谁,别让他们进来。
【注意】no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
【误】No matter what you say is of no use now.
【正】Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
【误】Prisoners have to eat no matter what they\'re given,
【正】Prisoners have to eat whatever they\'re given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 F .whether...or (not) ...
whether...or (not) ...意思是不管……还是……。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 不管你信不信,这是真的。
Whether the weather is good or bad, they will set off as planned. 不管天气是好还是坏,他们都要按计划启程。
【 提示】也可直接用or 来连接两个相同结构来表示让步。
Walking or sleeping, she always has the question in her mind.无论走路还是睡觉,她总是想着这个问题。
G .as
连词as ,同though 一样,也可以引导让步状语从句,但从句中要用特殊语序。 Cold as it is, the children play outdoors.虽然天气冷,但孩子们仍在户外玩。
并列句详解
一、并列句(1-3分)
A. 并列复合句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。两个简单句常由并列连接词连在一起,但有时不用连接词,只在两个简单句之间用一逗
号或分号。
He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he would have scored a goal. 在射门前他迟疑了一下,要不然的话,他就进了一球。
He came to my class every week, but his attitude suggested he was not really interested in the subject. 每周他都会来上我的课,但从他的态度中我知道他对这门课程并不是真的感兴趣。
1. 考查so, and, not only...but also..., neither...nor...等表示先后、递进关系的并列连词
All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start. 这项任务的所有准备工作都已完成,我们正准备着手做它。
Not only does she speak Spanish, she also knows how to type. 她不但会说西班牙语, 还会打字呢。
2.考查or, or else, either...or...等表示选择关系的并列句
Come and have lunch with me,either Tuesday or Wednesday.来和我共进午餐,星期二或者星期三。
3.考查but, yet, still, however等连接的表示相反或者转折的并列句
They are not very good, but we like to play basketball with them anyway. 他们球技不是很好,但不管怎样我们还是喜欢和他们打篮球。
B. 分类
1、联合关系
常用的连词有and(同,和), when(=and just at this time就在这时,然后), not
only…but (also)…(不仅……而且……), neither…nor…(既不……也不……)等。如:
He helps me and I help him.他帮我,我帮他。
He not only gave us a lot of advice, but also helped us to study English. 他不仅给我们出很多建议并且还帮助我学英语。
I was just leaving when the telephone rang. 我正要离开,电话铃响了。 注:when 作这种用法时,主要用于was/were doing sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were about to do sth. when sth./sb. did; was/were on the point of doing sth. when sth./sb. did等句型中,表示“当某人或某物正在或正要做某事,就在这时突然又发生了另一事”。
2、选择关系
常用的连词有or(或者,否则), otherwise(否则), or else(否则), either...or(不
是……就是) 。如:Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. 快点,否则就会迟到了。 Will he still be there or will he have gone away? 你那时还在那里还是可能已经走了?
You must go early, otherwise you will miss the bus. 你得早点走,否则就赶不上公汽车了。
Either Tom is coming or his sisters are. 不是汤姆就是她的姐妹们要来。 3转折关系
常用的连词有but(但是,可是,只是因为), while(而、却), yet(可是) 等。如: It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行。
I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。
She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time. 她说她会迟到,但她却准时到达了。
She looks very young, but she is already in her 30’s. 她看上去很年轻, 可她已三
十多了。
此处,还有副still(仍然),however(然而) 也表示转折关系。
He is good-natured; still I don't like him. 他脾气很好, 可是我还是不喜欢他。 The book is expensive; however, it's worth it. 这本书很贵;却很值。 注意:but, while不与although 连用,但yet, still可与although 连用。
Although she felt ill, she still went to work. 她虽然感觉不舒服,但她仍然去上班。
4、因果关系
常用的连词有for (因为)和so (所以,因此)等。如:
I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我口渴,因为天气太热。
The manager was ill so I went in her place. 经理病了所以我代她去。 注意:so 不与because 连用