英语中的连词
连词 专题14
1.连词的定义
用来连接词、短语、从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词,在句中不重读,不能独立担任句子成分。根据在句中所起的作用,连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两类。
2.并列连词
连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子的连词叫并列连词。
根据其意义,并列连词又可分为表示联合、转折、选择和因果四种关系的连词。
(1)表示联合关系的并列连词
表示联合关系的并列连词有:and(和),both…and…(既…….又……),neither…nor…(既不……也不……),not only…but also…(不但……而且……),as well as(也,还)。
I am a teacher and he is a doctor. 我是老师,他是医生。
They can both read English and speak it well. 他们能读英语而且说得很好。
Neither you nor he is wrong. 你和他都没有错。
He not only had read the book but also remembered what he had read.
他不仅读了那本书,而且还记得读过的内容。
(2)表示转折关系的并列连词
表示转折关系的并列连词有:but(可是,但是),while(而,然而),still(但是,然而),yet(可是),however(然而,但是),whereas(而),nevertheless(然而,不过)。
I am willing,yet unable. 我心有余而力不足。
He worked hard,however,he failed. 他很努力,然而还是失败了。(however可置于句首、句中或句末) The pain was bad,still he did not complain.
(3)表示选择关系的并列连词
表示选择关系的并列连词有:or(或),or else(否则)otherwise(要不然),either…or…(要么…… 不是……就是……),rather than(而不,也不)。
I must work hard, or I' ll fail in the exam. 我得认真学习,否则不能通过考试。
You can either do it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it.你可以自己做,也可以请人做。
(4)表示因果关系的并列连词
表示因果关系的并列连词有:so(所以),for(因为),then(那么,因而),thus(因而),hence(因此),
therefore(因此,所以)
It is morning, for the birds are singing. 是早晨了,因为鸟在叫。
He was busy, therefore he could not come. 他很忙,因此不能来。
He studied hard, thus he got a full mark. 他很用功,因而得了满分。
3.从属连词
用来连接主句和从句的连词叫从属连词。从属连词可分为两类:引导名词性从句的从属连词和引导状语从句的从属连词。
(1)引导名词性从句的从属连词
引导名词性从句的从属连词有连接词that,whether和if,这些连接词在句中不充当任何句子成分;连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,which,what等,它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等;连接副词主要有when,where,how,why等,它们在句中可作状语。
我们知道地球围绕太阳运转。(宾语从句)
We know( that) the earth goes round the sun.
我们需要的是更多的时间。(主语从句)
What we need is more time.
那就是我想要的。(表语从句)
That's what l want.
(2)引导状语从句的从属连词
①引导时间状语从句的从属连词
when(当……时),while(在……期间),as(当……时,一边……一边),after(在……之后),before(在……之前),since(自从……以来),till /until(直到,直到……才),once(一旦……),as soon as(一……就……),the moment /instant(一……就……),no sooner…than(刚……就……),hardly…when(刚……就……)等。
Once you begin, you must go on. 一旦你开了头,你就必须继续下去。
When it rains, I go to school by bus. 下雨时,我坐公共汽车上学。
②引导原因状语从句的从属连词
as(由于),because(因为),since(既然)等。
He didn't go to school because he was ill. 他因为生病没去上学。
Since everybody is here, let's begin. 既然大家都在这里,我们就开始吧。
③引导地点状语从句的从属连词
where(在……地方),wherever(无论在哪里)等。
Wherever she may be, she will be happy. 她无论在什么地方都快乐。
Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。
④引导条件状语从句的从属连词
if(如果),unless(除非),so/as long as(只要)等。
He will not come unless he is invited. 除非被邀请,否则他是不会来的。
You' ll be late for the class if you don't hurry. 如果你不快点,你就会上课迟到。
⑤引导目的状语从句的从属连词
that(以便),so that(为了),in order that(为了),in case(以防,免得)等。
She took medicine on time in order that she might get well soon. 为了快点康复,她按时吃药。
I came here that I might take a good look at the new bridge. 我来这几,为的是好好看看这座新桥。 ⑥引导结果状语从句的从属连词
so(结果),so that(结果),so…that /such…that(如此……以至于),that(以至于)等。
It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze. 天气很冷,碗里的水都结冰了。
He is such a good student that we all like him. 他是个好学生,我们都喜欢他。
⑦引导让步状语从句的从属连词
though/although(虽然),as(虽然),even if/even though(即使),however(无论怎样),whatever(无论什么),whoever(无论谁),no matter how /what /which…(无论多么/什么/哪一个……)等。 Even if you were here yesterday, you couldn't help him. 即使昨天你在这,你也帮不了他。
Though he is old, he still works hard. 虽然他老了,可是他还努力工作。
⑧引导方式状语从句的从属连词
as(正如),as if/as though(好像,似乎)等。
He speaks English as if he were an Englishman. 他讲起英语来就像是英国人似的。
⑨引导比较状语从句的从属连词as(如……),as…as…像……一样),not so…as…(与……不一样),than(比)等。
He works harder than before. 他比以前更努力工作。
4.特殊的从属连词
(1)分词转化为连词
considering(考虑到,鉴于),given(考虑到),provided/providing(只要,如果),seeing(既然,考
虑到),supposing(假如)等。
考虑到他只学了一年英语,他讲得算是很流利了。
Considering he's only been learning English a year he speaks it very well.
假如他不在家,那怎么办?
Supposing he is not at home, what then?
(2) 动词转化为连词
save that(只是),suppose(假定)。
我同意你的意见,只是你有一两处地方弄错了。
I agree with you, save that you have got one or two facts wrong.
(3)副词转化为连词
directly(一……就……),immediately(一……就……),instantly(一……就……)。
我打了电话他就来了。
He came directly I called.
钟刚敲12点,我就离开了。
I left immediately the clock struck twelve.
(4)名词短语用作连词
any moment(无论何时),the day(当天),each time(每次),every time(每当),the instant(一……
就……),the minute(一……就……),next time(下次),the way(正如……的样子)等。
什么时候有空请来看看我们。
Come and see us any moment you can.
他到的当天就去看她了。
He called on her the day he arrived.