初中英语教学大纲要求之读音知识
初中英语教学大纲要求 之
读音知识
《上海市初级中学英语学科基本要求》中在语言知识部分对语音做了如下要求说明:
读音规则: 1,元音字母在重读开,闭音节中的读音规则;2,辅音字母的基本读音规则;3,字母组合的读音规则;4,单词重音
语音,音素 1,元音;2,辅音
朗读: 1,句子重音,意群和停顿;2,连读和不完全爆破;3,语调
下面我们将根据此表,对语音知识部分的要求做详细的解读.
一,音素 音素是语音的最小单位,英语里共有 48 个音素.表示音素的符号叫音标,一个音标代表 一个音素.音标用来标记单词的读音.根据发音的特点,音素可分为元音(20 个)和辅音(28 个 ). (一)元音 发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音.英语中有 20 个元音. 长元音[a:] [ә:] [i:] [ɔ:] [u:]
短元音[Λ] [ә] [i] [ɔ] [u] [æ] [e]
双元音[ai] [ei] [ɔi] [iә ] [eә ] [uә ] [au] [әu]
(二)辅音 发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音.英语中有 28 个辅 音. 轻辅音[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [∫] [t∫] [tr] [θ] [ts] [h] 浊辅音[b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [3] [d3] [dr] [ð] [dz] [r] 鼻音 [m] [n] [η] 边音 [l]
半元音 [w] [j]
二,读音规则
(一)元音字母在重读开,闭音节中的读音规则 元音字母在重读音节中的读音
元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音
(三)字母组合的读音规则
元音字组在重读音节中的读音
非重读音节中元音字母组合和字群的读音
(四)单词重音
所有一个音节以上的单词都有重音音节,该音节的发音往往比其它音节要更响亮更长. 以下单词大写部分即为重读音节.
Column A Column B Column C PHOtograph phoTOgraphy photoGRAphic PENcil committee volunTEER MARyland society inforMAtion 单词的重音位置有一定的规律性,如:
1) 复合名词 bluebird blackboard notebook bookstore toothbrush keyboard
重音都在第一个单词.
2) 名词+复合名词 air conditioner computer programmer nail polish French fry Geiger counter doctor's
office 重音仍然在第一单词上. 3)短语动词及其派生复合名词 let down letdown shut out shutout print out printout turn off turnoff take over takeover 短语动词的重音在介词上,而其派生的复合名词的重音却在第一个词上. 4)同形异义词
所谓同形异义词即拼写相同但读音不同的单词.该类词往往会因为重音不同,词性也会 相应变化. VERB NOUN VERB NOUN record record present present progress progress permit permit
三,朗读
(一)句子重音
说英语时,除了词重音以外,每一句话因语意而有其强调之处,说话者就会加重音来说 那个词或数个词,则这个词或数个词上面就有句重音,无论那一个词原来有没有词重音.而 其他的词,则压低音调;使有句重音与无句重音的词之间产生明显的差异性,而听者会明显 的听到有句重音的词,而理解整句的意思.
如 I like the girl,同一个句子可因语意不同而有下列四种句重音: 1.′I like the girl. (是我这个人喜欢这女孩.) 2.I ′like the girl. (我很喜欢这女孩.)
3.I like ′the girl. (我喜欢这个女孩,不喜欢别的女孩.) 4.I like the ′girl. (我喜欢这个女孩,不喜欢这个男孩.)
(二)意群与停顿
停顿是指人们在说话过程中按照不同的意群(表达同一概念的一组词)来断句.英语要讲出节奏,可 先从断句开始.也就是说,话语是一组词一组词地说,而不是一个一个词地说.每一组词都要用同样的速度讲完,就可以自然产生节奏感.断句的方式只有三种:
1. 短句 , 如I like you; 2. 词组 ,如 in the morning; 3.长名词, 如 The American president Bill
Clinton. 例如:
One morning last April, Susan was still sleeping when the doorbell rang. It was her friend Dave inviting her to go to the beach for a picnic. Later that morning, Susan left her house and walked to the station to catch the bus. She was wearing a T-shirt and shorts, since it was quite warm. As she sat on the bus, she looked out the door. She saw some sheep in a field. It was starting to snow. 合理的停顿为:
One morning / last April, / Susan was still sleeping / when the doorbell rang. / It was her friend Dave / inviting her / to go to the beach / for a picnic. / Later that morning, / Susan left her house / and walked to the station / to catch the bus. / She was wearing a / T-shirt and shorts, / since it was quite warm. / As she sat / on the bus, / she looked out the door. / She saw some sheep / in a field. / It was starting to snow. 按词群念: 1. I got the book.
2. I got the book / that you wanted.
3. I got the book / that you wanted / to read.
4. I got the book / that you wanted / to read / on the table.
5. I got the book / that you wanted / to read / on the table / next to the TV.
6. I got the book / that you wanted / to read / on the table / next to the TV / in the garage.
7. I got the book / that you wanted / to read / on the table / next to the TV / in the garage / last weekend.
(三)连读
在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾, 后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读.连读时的音节一般不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可以加音,也不可以读得太重.如 not at all 这个短语,连读时听起来 就像是一个单词.注意:连读只发生在句子中的同一个意群中.在两个意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音和 元音出现,也不可连读.如 Please take a look at it,这个句子中 take a look at it 是同一个意群,那么 take 与 a 可连读,look 与 at 可连读,at 与 it 可连读.在 There is a book in it,一句中 book 与 in 往往不连读,因为 book 与 in 分别在两个不同的意群中.
1)在同一个意群中,相邻的两个词,前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,往往要拼在一起 连读.如:
He is a student.(is 与 a 要连读)
That is a right answer.(That 与 is, is 和 a, right 和 answer 都可以连读)
I'll be back in half an hour.(back 和 in, half 和 an, an 与 hour 都可以连读)
2)在同一个意群中的两个单词,如果前面的单词以 r 或 re 结尾,后面的单词以元音音素开头,则 r 或 re 要发/r/音,并与其后的元音音素相拼.如 here and there 连读时往往读作/hiәr әnd’ ðεә/. a pair of shoes 连 读时读作/ә’ pεәr әv’ ʃu: z/. 3)特殊情况:kill him, take her away
(四)不完全爆破
爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音.这些音有 6 个,即/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/和/g/.但在某些情况下,发爆破音时,气流不必冲破阻碍,而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,并稍做停顿, (也就是说,做好要发出这个爆破音的准备,但不要发出音来) ,这样的发音过程叫作
1)/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/这 6 个爆破音中的任何两个音素相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音,后者则要
完全 地,彻底地进行爆破.如:
He has a ba(d) col(d) today. You shoul(d) ta(k)e care of the children. Gla(d) to meet you.
2)爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在的前面时不完全爆破.如: Have you rea(d) the book abou(t) tha(t) child. The thir(d) chair is broken.
3)爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在/m/, /n/, /l/, /s/的前面时不完全爆破.如 Goo(d) morning, sir. Goo(d) night. They are very frien(d)ly to us. 注意:不完全爆破可以发生在单词,短语或句子中.
(五)语调 1,升调
一般表示
(5)以 please 结尾的疑问句:Can you help me, please?
(6)以疑问词开头,而说话者想显示特别兴趣的特殊疑问句:Where do you live? (7)说话者不确信对方态度时的附加疑问句:You know about that, don't you? 2,降调
说话时用降凋,常常表示
(3)带命令口吻的祈使句:Put it over there! Go and find it! (4)感叹句:What an awful film that was!
(5)以 please 结尾的陈述句:I'd like a cup of coffee, please. (6)说话者期望对方同意的附加疑问句:It's a nice day, isn't it 3,降升调
如果要表示说话人改变主意或话外有话之意,就用降升调.它主要出现在下面的句式中:
(1) 含有对比的陈述句: You can come on Tuesday but not Monday. He doesn't want it but his brother may.
(2)含保留意见的陈述句:I know his face. I like the colour of your dress.
(3)否认或矛盾:-I can't do it. -You can. -She arrived on Monday. -On Tuesday.
(4)警告:Be careful. Don't be late.