四级长难句课程讲义1

四级长难句分析

在大学英语四级考试的阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。

首先我们先来了解制造长句的几个要点 一 词汇：核心词汇+普通词汇 二 语法结构

1．从句：定语、同位语、表语、宾语、状语 2．并列结构 3．插入语 4．倒装 5．强调

6．省略：分词作定语，独立主格结构

复习六大语法结构1

一 长难句的特点 含有比较多而长的修饰成分，并列成分，或者从句。内容丰富，结构复杂。

二 理解长难句的关键 了解长难句的类型以及理清

句子中的成分、抓住句子中的关键部分。 三 长难句的构成

词汇 （核心词汇即高频词汇，通过做真题巩固；

普通词汇，并不经常出现，但需要了解，通过单词书记单词）；语法结构 四 制造长句的六大语法结构 1. 从句

1）定语从句：结构：名词+关系词+句子；对关系词前的名词进行修饰，关系词在从句中充当成分，即用一个句子修饰一个名词，句子作名词的定语，所修饰的名词叫做先行词。

The question that the teacher asked is…

2）同位语从句：结构：名词+关系词+句子；对关系词前的名词进行解释。关系词在从句中不充当成分。 The question why he came here is… 3）表语从句：结构：系动词+从句 4）宾语从句：结构：动词+从句 5）状语从句：结构：句子+衔接词+句子 2. 并列结构

由and, not only…but also, either..or, whether…or等词连接句子构成的结构。 3. 插入语

1）逗号之间插入语，可以直接省略，对句子不会产生任何质的改变

2）破折号之间插入语，对前面词的进一步解释 4. 倒装

1）全部倒装：地点状语/地点副词+谓语动词+主语，强调地点状语/地点副词

The old man lives in the city center. 倒装：In the city center lives the old man.

2）部分倒装：谓语助动词+主语+谓语 a. only+状语在句首

Only with you, can I feel happy. b. 否定词/否定词组在句首 Never do I smoke. c. so+adj/adv在句首

So fast did I run that he couldn’t catch up with me.

复习六大语法结构2

5. 强调 1）It is that… It is I that never smoke. 2）do, does, did强调动词 I did watch TV last night. I do hope… 3）the very+名词

This is the very book I want. 6. 省略

1）定语从句的省略, 也叫分词作定语。定语从句的关系词在从句中充当主语或者宾语。定语从句中的关系词充当从句的宾语的时候，可以直接省略。当关系词作主语时，也可以省略，省略之后，后面的动词要发生形式变化，主动语态变成-ing 形式，被动语态保留过去分词。

I know the girl who comes from Beijing.（作主语） I know the boy (who) the teacher praised.（作宾语） I like reading books written by Hemingway. 2）状语从句的省略

a. 分词作状语，前后句子主语保持一致

After the professor finished the experiment, he began

to prepare for tomorrow’s lesson.

分词作状语：Finishing the experiment, the professor began to prepare for tomorrow’s lesson. b. 独立主格结构，前后句子主语不一致 If time permits, we’ll visit the Great Wall today. 前后主语不一致：Time permitting, we’ll visit the Great Wall today.

2008-6

1．But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, and —— without major technological breakthroughs —— we can't do much about it.

2. The trouble with the global warming debate is that it has become a moral problem when it's really an engineering one.

3．Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will s urrender personal information like Social Secu rity numbers just to get their hands on a pitif ul 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷)

4. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to who you are, where you are and what you like.

2007-12

4．The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly “guided” by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson.

5. Because I know very little about farm animals

who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting my daughter’s experience.

6. While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked.

2007-6

7. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.

8. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.

9. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.”

10. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.

11. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly.

12. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you

will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.

13. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men.

14. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.

15. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore.

16. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues.

2006-12

17. In fact, New York’s municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity.

18. Similarly, a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.

19. According to an article in The Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell, listing brands on the menu without prices, and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it.

20. Regardless of how it’s sold, the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health, our wish to appear cultivated, and even a longing

for lost purity.

21. As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease —especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise.

22. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.

23. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs.

24. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well” and “wellness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health.

25. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well,” in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.

26. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.

2006-6

27. But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time.

28. Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were

angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods. ▲

29. We’re saying we want you to work in these places, we’re going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are, and then when it’s convenient for us, or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security, especially after Sept. 11, then you’re disposable.

30. If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely.

2006-6旧

31．Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists, but en hancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social issue.

32．Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children.

33．Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school-the prophecy (预言) becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle of neglect.

34．She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance.

35．The car is fitted with a remote immobiliser (锁止器), and a radio signal from a control centre miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off, he will not be able to start it again.

36．Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won’t allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (点火) key.

2005-12

37．While here’s on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.

38．In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they get the job done.

39. Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again.

40. Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies.

实战演练

1．But the research paper also gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your own interests and abilities,

to show others what you can do.

2. To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set of psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.

3. Recent stories in the newspapers and magazines suggest that teaching and research contradict each other, that research plays too prominent a part in academic promotions, and that teaching is badly underemphasized.

4. House had to be sited “within easy walking distance of the railroad station,” as some old residents would point out; and only those wealthy enough to afford a horse and a carriage dared to penetrate farther into the open country.

5. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.

6. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if your ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.

7. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; college students each other’s experiments and write false letters of in the intense competition for admission to graduate school.

8. This means that no sooner has he got used to

one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

9. The recent growth of export surpluses on the

world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests.

10. It would have amazed the brightest minds of

the 18th century Enlightenment (启蒙运动) to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead.

11. All high school graduates ought to go, says and statistical evidence, because college will help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsible citizens than those who don’t go.

12. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.

13. Scientists, like other human beings, have their hopes and fears, their passions and disappointments and their strong emotions may sometimes interrupt the course of clear thinking and sound practice.

14. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives, we are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.

15. This is the research finding of a team of

Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise—and as a result, we are ageing unnecessarily soon.

二、总结——长难句分析步骤

1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。 2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾语补足语（如有的话）；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意（可用翻译法）。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。

3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。

4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。