轴向柱塞泵设计毕业设计

****本科毕业设计（论文） ABSRACT

摘 要

斜盘式轴向柱塞泵是液压系统中的主要部件，斜盘式轴向柱塞泵是靠柱塞在柱塞腔内

的往复运动，改变柱塞腔内容积实现吸油和排油的，是容积式液压泵，对于斜盘式轴向柱

塞泵柱塞、滑靴、配油盘缸体是其重要部分，柱塞是其主要受力零件之一，滑靴是高压柱

塞泵常采用的形式之一，能适应高压力高转速的需要，配油盘与缸体直接影响泵的效率和

寿命，由于配油盘与缸体、滑靴与柱塞这两对高速运动副均采用了一静压支承，省去了大

容量止推轴承，具有结构紧凑，零件少，工艺性好，成本低，体积小，重量轻，比径向泵

结构简单等优点，由于斜盘式轴向柱塞泵容易实现无级变量，维修方便等优点，因而斜盘

式轴向柱塞泵在技术经济指标上占很大优势。

关键词:斜盘, 柱塞泵, 轴向

ABSRACT

The inclined dish type and axial pump with a pillar is a main part in liquid press system，The inclined dish

type and axial pump with a pillar is a back and forth movement by pillar to fill the inside of the pillar cavity，in

order to change the pillar fills the contents of cavity to realize the oil of inhaling with line up oily，Is a capacity

Ⅱ

****本科毕业设计（论文） ABSRACT type liquid to press the pump .Fill to pillar to pump for the inclined dish type stalk the pillar fill, slip the boots

and go together with the oil dish an is its importance part. The pillar fills is it suffer the one of the dint spare

parts primarily. The slippery boots is one of the form that high pressure pillar fill the pump to often adopt. It

can adapt to the high demand turning soon in high pressure dint, go together with the oil dish and the

efficiency of the direct influence in a pump with life span. Because of going together with the oil dish

fills ,pillar and a slippery boots these two rightness of high speeds the sport the vice- all adopting a the static

pressure accepts. The province went to the big capacity push the bearings, have the construction tightly packed,

the spare parts is little, the craft is good, the cost is low, the physical volume is small, the weight is light,

comparing the path face to pump the construction simple etc. Because the inclined dish type stalk fills to pillar

the pump to realizes to have no easily the class changes the deal, maintain convenience and so on.

Key words：the inclined dish，pillar pump，axial pump

目录

摘要 ·························································································································· Ⅰ

ASBTRACT ············································································································ Ⅱ

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****本科毕业设计（论文） 轴向柱塞泵概述 1轴向柱塞泵概述 ····································································································· 2

1.1轴向柱塞泵简介 ···································································································· 2

1.2直轴式轴向柱塞泵的工作原理 ················································································· 3

2直轴式轴向柱塞泵主要零部件设计····································································· 5

2.1柱塞设计 ············································································································· 5

2.2滑靴设计 ············································································································· 9

2.3配油盘设计 ········································································································ 11

2.4缸体设计 ··········································································································· 13

2.5柱塞回程机构设计 ······························································································· 16

2.6变量机构设计 ····································································································· 18

3直轴式轴向柱塞泵基本性能参数 ······································································· 22

3.1容积效率 ··········································································································· 22

3.2机械效率 ··········································································································· 23

3.3功率与效率 ········································································································ 24

4直轴式轴向柱塞泵主要零部件的运动学及脉动品质分析 ······························ 25

4.1柱塞运动分析 ····································································································· 25

4.1.1柱塞行程S ······························································································· 25

4.1.2柱塞的运动速度分析 ··················································································· 26

4.1.3柱塞运动加速度分析 ··················································································· 26

4.2滑靴运动分析 ····································································································· 27

4.3柱塞瞬时流量及脉动品质分析 ··············································································· 28

5直轴式轴向柱塞泵主要零件受力分析 ······························································ 31

5.1柱塞受力分析 ····································································································· 31

5.2滑靴受力分析 ····································································································· 34

5.3配油盘受力分析 ·································································································· 37

6结论 ······················································································································· 41

致谢 ·························································································································· 42

参考文献 ·················································································································· 43

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****本科毕业设计（论文） 轴向柱塞泵概述

1轴向柱塞泵概述

1.1轴向柱塞泵简介

轴向柱塞泵由于柱塞结构紧凑、工作压力高、效率高、容易实现变量等，被广泛应用

于工作压力高，流量大而又需要调节的液压系统中。

轴向柱塞泵可分为阀配流与轴配流两大类。阀配流轴向柱塞泵存在故障率高、效率低

等缺点。国际上70、80年代发展的轴配流轴向柱塞泵克服了阀配流配向柱塞泵的不足。

由于轴向泵结构上的特点，轴配流配向柱塞泵耐冲击、寿命长、控制精度高。使其成为一

种优良的高压泵，代表当今国际上液压泵制造的先进水平。但是，它技术含量高、加工制

造难度大，国际上只有博世（ BOSCH）公司、沃依特（ VOITH）公司等少数几家公司能够

生产。而博世公司只能生产90mL 以下规格的泵，沃依特公司只生产 110一250mL ／r 规格

的泵。

我国从80年代末90年代初有很多科研机构与生产厂家开始研究开发这种产品，但

都没有取得实质性进展。主要因为在理论上有待深化，在实际生产中不能解决转子与配流

轴、滑靴与定子两对摩擦副烧研的问题。有些生产厂家在柱塞内孔通过浇铸轴承合金等方

法来克服烧研，但效果并不理想，这种办法在小排量泵中使用，虽然能够防止摩擦副烧研

的问题，但泵的使用寿命不长。由我国著名的液压专家卢望研究员和材料专家闰秉均教授

及其课题组经过多年研究与开发，取得了“过平衡压力补偿方法及双排轴向柱塞泵”和“一

种新型高压大排量轴向柱塞泵”两项技术专利，“合金奥氏体一贝氏体球铁开发应用研究”

一项国家新材料技术成果。这些技术成果的取得，使我国径向柱塞泵的研制在设计理论与

材料工艺方面取得突破性进展。兰州永新科技股份有限公司以上述两项专利与一项新材料

技术成果为支持，成功地开发生产的JBP 系列机电控制式径向柱塞泵，是国家科技部“八

五”攻关和国家科技部火炬计划项目。该泵在多家企业进行了2-3年的工业考核试验，性

能优良。

泵的技术发展一如其他产业的发展一样，是由市场需求的推动取得的。当今社会，可

进发展日新月异，人们在以环保、电子等领域高科技发展及世界可持续发展为主所产生的

巨大需求的大背景下，对于包括泵行业在内的许多行业或领域都带来了技术的飞速变革和

发展。随着电子、计算机、材料、制造等相关技术的发展，多学科交叉应用于轴向柱塞泵

的研究，使仿真和试验更为接近现实，轴向柱塞泵设计和优化的效率大大提高。

产品的生命力在于市场的需求。如今的市场需求正是要求创新，做到与众不同；正是

这一点，造就了泵产品的多元化趋势。它的多元性主要体现在：

（1） 输送介质的多样性

（2） 产品结构的差异性

（3） 运行要求的不同性

2

****本科毕业设计（论文） 轴向柱塞泵概述

从输送介质来看，最早泵的输送对象为单一的水及其它可流动的液体、气体或浆体到

现在可输送固液混合物、气液混合物、固液气混合物，直至输送活的物体如土豆、鱼等等。

不同的输送对象对于泵的内部结构要求均不同。

除了输送对象对泵的结构有不同要求外，在泵的安装形式、管道布置形式、维护维

修等方面对泵的内在或外在的结构提出新要求。同时，各个生产厂商，在结构的设计上又

加入了各自企业的理念，更加提高了泵结构的多元化程度。

基于可持续发展和环保的总体背景，泵的运行环境对泵的设计又提出了众多的要求，

如泄漏减少、噪声振动降低、可调性增加、寿命延长等等均对泵的设计提出了不同的侧重

点或几个着重点并行均需考虑，也必然形成泵的多元化形式。

我国的轴向柱塞泵技术还比较落后，但旺盛的需求对轴向柱塞泵技术的发展有很大的

推动作用。因此只要能紧跟国际技术潮流，发挥后发优势，一定能赶上国际先进水平，甚

至后来居上。

1.2直轴式轴向柱塞泵的工作原理

轴向柱塞泵是依靠柱塞在缸体孔内的往复运动，造成密封容积的变化，来实现吸油和

排油。下面以直轴式轴向柱塞泵为例来说明轴向柱塞泵的工作原理。直轴式轴向柱塞泵的

结构如图1-1所示，柱塞的头部安装有滑靴，滑靴底面始终贴着斜盘平面运动。当缸体带

动柱塞旋转时，由于斜盘平面相对缸体平面（xoy 面）存在一倾斜角r ，迫使柱塞在柱塞腔

内作直线往复运动。缸体按n 方向旋转，在180︒～360︒范围内，柱塞由180︒开始不断伸出，

柱塞腔容积不断增大，直至0︒。在这过程中，柱塞腔刚好与配油盘吸油窗相通，油液被吸

人柱塞腔内，这是吸油过程。随着缸体继续旋转，在0︒～180︒，柱塞在斜盘约束下开始不

断进入腔内，柱塞腔容积不断减小，直至下孔点止。在这过程中，柱塞腔刚好与配油盘排

油窗相通，油液通过排油窗排出。这就是排油过程。可见，缸体每转一圈，各个柱塞有半

周吸油、半周排油。如果缸体不断旋转，泵便连续地吸油和排油。如果改变传动轴的旋转

方向或斜盘的倾斜方向，就可改变泵的吸、排油方向；泵的排量大小可通过改变斜盘的倾

角r 的大小来实现。这也是斜盘式轴向柱塞泵通常为双向变量泵的原因。

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****本科毕业设计（论文） 轴向柱塞泵概述

1-斜盘 2-回程盘 3-滑靴 4-柱塞 5-缸体 6-配油盘 7-传动轴

图1-1 直轴式轴向柱塞泵工作原理

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****本科毕业设计（论文） 直轴式轴向柱塞泵主要零部件设计

2直轴式轴向柱塞泵主要零部件设计

给定数据

最大工作压力 P m a x =35MPa

额定流量 Q =100L /min

额定转速 n=1450r/min

2.1柱塞设计

（1）柱塞结构型式的选择

轴向柱塞泵均采用圆柱形柱塞。根据柱塞头部结构，可有以下三种形式：

1）点接触式柱塞

如图2-1（a ）所示，这种柱塞头部为一球面，与斜盘为点接触，其零件简单，加工方

便。但由于接触应力大，柱塞头部容易磨损﹑剥落和边缘掉块，不能承受过高的工作压力，

寿命较低。这种点接触式柱塞在早期泵中可见，现在很少有应用。

2）线接触式柱塞

如图2-1（b ）所示，柱塞头部安装有摆动头，摆动头下部可绕柱塞球窝中心摆动。摆

动头上部是球面或平面与斜盘或面接触，以降低接触应力，提高泵工作压。摆动头与斜盘

的接触面之间靠壳体腔的油液润滑，相当于普通滑动轴承，其[pv ]值必须限制在规定的范

围内。

3）带滑靴的柱塞

如图2-1（c ）所示，柱塞头部同样装有一个摆动头，称滑靴，可以绕柱塞球头中心摆

动。滑靴与斜盘间为面接触，接触应力小，能承受较高的工作压力。高压油液还可以通过

柱塞中心孔及滑靴中心孔，沿滑靴平面泄漏，保持与斜盘之间有一层油膜润滑，从而减少

了摩擦和磨损，使寿命大大提高。目前大多采用这种轴向柱塞泵。

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